SAVE OUR CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE

PARENTING : KIDS AND SMOKING

source : http://kidshealth.org/

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

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The health risks of tobacco are well known, yet the rates of smoking and the use of chewing tobacco continue to grow. Many people pick up these habits when they're young — in fact, 90% of all adult smokers started when they were kids. And each day, more than 4,400 kids become regular smokers.

So it's important to make sure kids understand the dangers that go along with tobacco use. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States. It can cause cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. Chewing tobacco (smokeless or spit tobacco) can lead to nicotine addiction, oral cancer, gum disease, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks.

Giving kids information about the risks of smoking and chewing tobacco, and establishing clear rules and your reasons for them, can help protect them from these unhealthy habits.
You should also know the warning signs of tobacco use and constructive ways to help someone kick the habit.

The Facts About Tobacco
One of the major problems with smoking and chewing tobacco has to do with the chemical nicotine. A person can get addicted to nicotine within days of a first encounter with it. In fact, the nicotine in tobacco can be as addictive as cocaine or heroine. Nicotine affects mood as well as the heart, lungs, stomach, and nervous system.

And there are other health risks. Short-term effects of smoking include coughing and throat irritation. Over time, more serious conditions may develop, including increases in heart rate and blood pressure, bronchitis, and emphysema.

Finally, numerous studies indicate that young smokers are more likely to experiment with marijuana, cocaine, heroin, or other illicit drugs.

Preventing Kids From Picking Up the Habit
Kids might be drawn to smoking and chewing tobacco for any number of reasons — to look cool, act older, lose weight, win cool merchandise, seem tough, or feel independent. But parents can combat those draws and keep kids from trying — and getting addicted to — tobacco.
Establish a good foundation of communication with your kids early on to make it easier to work through tricky issues like tobacco use.

Some guidelines to keep in mind:

Discuss sensitive topics in a way that doesn't make kids fear punishment or judgment.
Emphasize what kids do right rather than wrong. Self-confidence is a child's best protection against peer pressure.
Encourage kids to get involved in activities that prohibit smoking, such as sports.
Show that you value your kids' opinions and ideas.
It's important to keep talking to kids about the dangers of tobacco use over the years.
Even the youngest child can understand that smoking is bad for the body.
Ask what kids find appealing — or unappealing — about smoking. Be a patient listener.
Read, watch TV, and go to the movies with your kids. Compare media images with what happens in reality.
Discuss ways to respond to peer pressure to smoke. Your child may feel confident simply saying "no." But also offer alternative responses such as "It will make my clothes and breath smell bad" or "I hate the way it makes me look."
Encourage kids to walk away from friends who don't respect their reasons for not smoking.
Explain how much smoking governs the daily life of kids who start doing it. How do they afford the cigarettes? How do they have money to pay for other things they want? How does it affect their friendships?
Establish firm rules that exclude smoking and chewing tobacco from your house and explain why: Smokers smell bad, look bad, and feel bad, and it's bad for everyone's health.

If Your Child Smokes

If you smell smoke on your child's clothing, try not to overreact. Ask about it first — maybe your child has been hanging around with friends who smoke or just tried one cigarette. Many kids do try a cigarette at one time or another but don't go on to become regular smokers.
Additional signs of tobacco use include:
coughing
throat irritation
hoarseness
bad breath
decreased athletic performance
greater susceptibility to colds
stained teeth and clothing (also signs of chewing tobacco use)
shortness of breath
Sometimes even the best foundation isn't enough to stop kids from experimenting with tobacco. It may be tempting to get angry, but it's more productive to focus on communicating with your child.

Here are some tips that may help:

Resist lecturing or turning your advice into a sermon.
Uncover what appeals to your child about smoking and talk about it honestly.
Many times, kids aren't able to appreciate how their current behaviors can affect their future health. So talk about the immediate downsides to smoking: less money to spend on other pursuits, shortness of breath, bad breath, yellow teeth, and smelly clothes.
Stick to the smoking rules you've set up. And don't let a child smoke at home to keep the peace.
If you hear, "I can quit any time I want," ask your child to show you by quitting cold turkey for a week.
Try not to nag. Ultimately, quitting is your child's decision.
Help your child develop a quitting plan and offer information and resources, and reinforce the decision to quit with praise.
Stress the natural rewards that come with quitting: freedom from addiction, improved fitness, better athletic performance, and improved appearance.
Encourage a meeting with your child's doctor, who can be supportive emotionally and may have treatment plans.

If You Smoke

Kids are quick to observe any contradiction between what their parents say and what they do. Despite what you might think, most kids say that the adult whom they most want to be like when they grow up is a parent.

If you're a smoker:

Admit to that you made a mistake by starting to smoke and that if you had it to do over again, you'd never start.
Quit. It's not simple and it may take a few attempts and the extra help of a program or support group. But your kids will be encouraged as they see you overcome your addiction to tobacco.

NEWS AND REPORT : SMOKE -, SECONDHAND SMOKE AND CHILDREN IN US

2008-12-22T15:38:00.000-08:00

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CHILDREN REMAIN ESPECIALLY VULNERABLE TO SECOND SMOKE

source : National Survey: Children Remain Especially Vulnerable to Secondhand Smoke, Despite Nation's Progress in Clean Indoor Air Policies, 12/16/2008.

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
SAVE OUR CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

December 18, 2008 - Nearly half of all children in the United States are still exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS, environmental, passive, invountary) each week, according to a new national survey from the American Legacy Foundation®, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence and researchers from Mississippi State University.

The Social Climate Survey of Tobacco found that 42 percent of children are exposed to SHS each week and there are public settings where children could be exposed that are still not smoke-free.“Children especially deserve smoke-free environments, and all public places where children eat and play should be protected from secondhand smoke,” said Jonathan Klein, M.D., FAAP, director of the American Academy of Pediatrics Julius B. Richmond Center for Excellence. “Adults have the power to make healthier decisions for their children, and there needs to be more done to protect children in homes and cars from the dangers of secondhand smoke,” said Klein.

Other key findings include:

While 75 percent of U.S households prohibit smoking in the home and car, that leaves 25 percent of American homes and cars unprotected.
More non-smokers prohibit smoking in the home than smokers.
More than one quarter of smokers report that their child had been exposed to secondhand smoke in their home.
Among parents who smoke, only 53.5% prohibit smoking in the home and even fewer (22.5%) prohibit smoking in the family vehicle.
8.1 percent of US parents report that their child was exposed to SHS in an indoor public place in the past 7 days.

Over the years, studies have concluded that SHS smoke can be just as harmful as cigarette smoking. It is estimated that SHS exposure causes approximately 3,400 lung cancer deaths annually among adult nonsmokers in the United States.

Even more disturbing is the fact that young children who are exposed to SHS are at a higher risk of developing asthma, ear infections and cavities. Infants are at a higher risk of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome).

SMOKE AND ADOLECENTS

2008-12-22T15:16:00.000-08:00

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SMOKING RELATED HEALTH PROBLEMS IN ADOLESCENTS

source : http://binauralbeats.net/

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/
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Like a child who has discovered a new toy, this information will open up a whole new world of awe and wonder for you.Smoking is the affect of many diseases and kills about four hundred and forty two thousand people every year in the United States. In malice of opposing smoking campaigns and poster warnings, more and more people are union the bandwagon of smokers every year. Out of the equal number of new smokers, ninety percent are children and adolescents, replacing smokers who have desert or died early due to a disease affectd by smoking. Smoking is the top affect of preventable and premature ruins, followed by plumpness.Smoking not only increases the hazard of lung disease, but also increases the hazard of contracting lung melanoma, oral melanoma, emphysema, stroke and sympathy disease. Certain statistics by the American Lung Associations show alarming fallout. Over five thousand adolescents smoke their very first cigarette every day, out of which over two thousand corner into ordered smokers. Presently there are virtually five million adolescents smokers. Twenty percent of the twelfth graders smoke cigarettes orderedly.Smoking has many risky affects on the health of a character being. It indemnity the cardiovascular usage, affects high blood burden, increases sympathy pace, increases the hazard of ischemic stroke, increases the hazard of formation of blood coagulate formation, and decreases the oxygen quantity which reaches the tissues in the body, condenses coronary blood current & cardiac crop, and indemnity the blood vessels. Smoking not only affects animal health, but mental health too. It affects psychological distress and depression.What an exciting way to begin this article, now lets take a look at what else we can learn about this topic!Smoking not only affects the character who smokes but also other people who surround him/her. According to the American concern Association, virtually thirty five thousand passive smokers die of smoke gulpd from a lit convey, cigar or cigarette. People who do not smoke promptly and gulp smoke from a cigarette smoke by his/her national is known as passive smoker, lesser smoker or indirect smoker. Among the passive smokers, women, children and infants are at a elevated hazard. Infants and children who are exposed to smoke utilize asthma, many ear infections and may even experience infant ruin syndrome. The symptoms experienced by lesser smokers are coughing, overload mucus formation in the airways, chest discomfort, chest hurting, and lung irritation. They even feel irritation of throat, nose and eyes. If the passive smokers experiences chest hurting, it can be an indication of a sympathy disease. Sometimes the symptoms of lesser smoking can coincide with the symptoms of other medicinal conditions. therefore, it is recommended to associate the surgeon immediately after the budding of the symptoms.In active smokers, smoking, distant from house up high cholesterol in blood, increases the hazard of cardiovascular disease, plumpness, high blood burden, animal inactivity and diabetes. So smoking close will not only condense the hazard of coronary sympathy disease, which is top of the tilt, but also decreases the hazard by fifty percent of sympathy attacks and ruins affectd by it. But desertting smoking undertakes tons of animal and mental labors. The character should be made mentally relaxed and stress released. In situation of adolescents, they can be asked to implement orderedly and catnap adequately. The American Lung Association and The American Academy of Otolaryngology have utilizeed certain tips which can be of great help to the smokers who are judgment of desertting. The smokers must first be made to understand the argue for desertting. Stress only makes even more demanding to desert smoking, so a stress released cycle should be selected to desert. Family and contacts encouragement and care are awfully basic to convince the smoker to desert. If the care isnt sufficient, smokers can connect a smoking close agenda or a care group to attain their goals. A balanced diet is a must, along with tons of lean.Sometimes winning nicotine replacement crop, such as nicotine chewing gum, nicotine gulprs, and nicotine badge, are a great help to smokers who want to desert. By with these crop the smokers can convince their nicotine longing. The good thing is that these nicotine replacement crop can subtract the wicked gases and tars emitted by the cigarettes. But nurture and pregnant women should consult a surgeon before difficult nicotine replacement crop. For such people non-nicotine alternative is existing in the souk.PPPPPWord tally 697If you thoroughly examine each part that we have discussed, you will see a common thread of which to explore.
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NEWS FROM CDC : Children and Secondhand Smoke Exposure

2008-12-22T15:04:00.001-08:00

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Children and Secondhand Smoke Exposure.

source : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A. 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) TTY: (888) 232-6348, 24 Hours/Every Day

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

On September 18, 2007, the Surgeon General reemphasized that secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and that US children are more heavily exposed to secondhand smoke than nonsmoking adults. The 2006 Surgeon General's report noted that 60 percent of US children aged 3-11 years—nearly 22 million young people—are exposed to secondhand smoke.
Surgeon General Moritsugu joined with the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Administration for Children and Families on September 18, 2007 to encourage parents, friends, family, healthcare providers, teachers, caregivers, and public health and community organizations to safeguard children immediately from the threat of secondhand smoke. The Surgeon General also released Children and Secondhand Smoke Exposure, an excerpt from the 2006 Surgeon General's Report on The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke. The excerpt summarizes key scientific evidence on the serious health risks that secondhand smoke poses to children and serves as the anchor for intensified action on the issue.

According to the Surgeon General:

Because their bodies are developing, infants and young children are especially vulnerable to the poisons in secondhand smoke.
Both babies whose mothers smoke while pregnant and babies who are exposed to secondhand smoke after birth are more likely to die from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than babies who are not exposed to cigarette smoke.
Mothers who are exposed to secondhand smoke while pregnant are more likely to have lower birth weight babies, which makes babies weaker and increases the risk for many health problems.
Babies whose mothers smoke while pregnant or who are exposed to secondhand smoke after birth have weaker lungs than other babies, which increases the risk for many health problems.
Secondhand smoke exposure causes acute lower respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia in infants and young children.
Secondhand smoke exposure causes children who already have asthma to experience more frequent and severe attacks.
Secondhand smoke exposure causes respiratory symptoms, including cough, phlegm, wheeze, and breathlessness, among school-aged children.
Children exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk for ear infections and are more likely to need an operation to insert ear tubes for drainage.
Children aged 3-11 years have cotinine levels (a biological marker for secondhand smoke exposure) more than twice as high as nonsmoking adults.
Children who live in homes where smoking is allowed have higher cotinine levels than children who live in homes where smoking is not allowed.

The Surgeon General also concluded that there is no safe level of secondhand smoke exposure and eliminating smoking in indoor spaces is the only way to fully protect children from exposure to secondhand smoke. A primary source of children's secondhand smoke exposure is in their homes and vehicles. Secondhand smoke permeates the entire house and lingers long after the cigarette has been extinguished, so smoking in certain rooms, at certain times, or by a window or fan is not safe.

What You Can Do To Protect Kids from Secondhand Smoke
Sadly, children are powerless to protect themselves from the dangers of secondhand smoke. But we each can play an important role in protecting them from secondhand smoke exposure.

Make your home and vehicle smoke-free at all times. If there are smokers in your family, they should always go outside to smoke. Opening a window is not enough.
Make sure your children's day care centers and schools are 100% smoke- and tobacco-free.
Insist that no one smokes around your children.
Choose smoke-free restaurants.
And the single best step you can take to protect your family's health and your own is to quit smoking. Quitting smoking will also reduce the chance that your children will grow up to become smokers themselves.
While quitting smoking may be difficult, there are a number of proven resources available to help including free counseling and a range of FDA-approved medications.

Information and Resources

Smoking and Tobacco Use
Smoke-Free Policies Improve Air Quality and Reduce Secondhand Smoke Exposure, factsheet
Children and Secondhand Smoke Exposure (US Department of Health and Human Services) ( 746 KB; 109 pages)
2006 Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke

NEWS AND REPORT : Almost Half of Kids Still Exposed to Secondhand Smoke

2008-12-22T14:53:00.000-08:00

Almost Half of Kids Still Exposed to Secondhand Smoke

source : Daily MedNews
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Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
SAVE OUR CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/
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FRIDAY, Dec. 19 -- Despite progress in establishing clean indoor air policies, 42 percent of U.S. children are still exposed to secondhand smoke each week, according to a new survey.
Secondhand smoke increases children's risk of developing asthma, ear infections and cavities and increases infants' risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
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Among the other major findings from the Social Climate Survey of Tobacco:

Seventy-five percent of American households forbid smoking in the home and car, but children in one-quarter of U.S. families aren't protected from secondhand smoke.
Among parents who smoke, only 53.5 percent prohibit smoking in the home and only 22.5 percent forbid smoking in the family vehicle.
More nonsmokers than smokers prohibit smoking in their home.
More than 25 percent of smokers report that children have been exposed to smoke in their home.
About 8.1 percent of U.S. parents report that their child has been exposed to secondhand smoke in an indoor public place in the past seven days.

The survey was released this week by the American Legacy Foundation, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and researchers from Mississippi State University.

"Children especially deserve smoke-free environments, and all public places where children eat and play should be protected from secondhand smoke," Dr. Jonathan Klein, director of the American Academy of Pediatrics Julius B. Richmond Center for Excellence, said in an AAP news release. "Adults have the power to make healthier decisions for their children, and there needs to be more done to protect children in homes and cars from the dangers of secondhand smoke."

"The effects of secondhand smoke are serious and should not be minimized," added Cheryl G. Healton, president and CEO of the American Legacy Foundation, which is dedicated to reducing tobacco use in the United States.

"Addressing this issue starts with helping adult smokers and parents quit. Most know they are dealing with a tough addiction, so pediatricians and others can provide the tools and resources for parents to re-learn their life without cigarettes," Healton said in the news release.

NEWS AND REPORT : SMOKE AND THE CHILD HEALTH

2008-12-21T00:06:00.000-08:00

SAVE KIDS FROM YOUR SMOKE IN THE NEWS

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

SAVE OUR CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

DON'T SMOKE AROUND YOUR KIDS

"Don't smoke around your kids, it damages their health - That's the message that is buzzing around the media since Dr Steve Ryan, medical director of the UK's Royal Liverpool Alder Hey Hospital for Children said that one third of the children treated at the hospital for respiratory problems such as chest infections and asthma got ill because their parents smoked when they were around.Speaking on the BBC's Radio Five Live, Ryan said that 2,000 of the 35,000 children that his hospital treated every year were there because of being exposed to their parents' smoke. He said there would be a significant drop in the number of children with ear infections, bronchitis and asthma if their parents stopped smoking.Ryan told the BBC that parents often lied about whether they smoked when their children were around because they felt guilty. He was not unsympathetic about the reasons:"Looking after children is good fun but it can be stressful and for some, cigarettes are a way of relieving that stress."Ryan said children were exposed to several levels of risk. The highest risk comes from being exposed to passive smoke in a confined space such as being in a car or a room with a person who smokes. Mothers smoking posed a greater risk than fathers, said Ryan.Even having smoke on your clothes was a risk, said Ryan, although not as high as actually smoking in front of children. He said that a good tip is to put another layer of clothes on when you smoke, that's what the hospital staff have to do when they go outside to smoke during their breaks.

Ryan did not think more legislation was the answer to reduce children's exposure to their parents' smoke, but did think parents should know about the different levels of risk.Radio Five Live went on to say that the British Lung Foundation estimates that 17,000 children under five years old are treated every year in the UK for illnesses resulting from being exposed to second hand smoke.Last week a study to be published in the American Journal of Public Health was announced that suggested many parents all over the world ignored the risk that second hand smoke posed for children.

Researchers at John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, conducted a household study in 31 countries and found that 82 per cent of parents who smoked said they did so around their children.Another study on nearly 150 babies, by professor Stephen S Hecht, Wallin Chair of Cancer Prevention at The Cancer Center at the University of Minnesota, found that half the babies whose parents smoked had cancer-causing chemicals in their urine.Hecht said: "The take home message is -- Don't smoke around your kids."A representative of ASH, the anti-smoking group told the BBC that parents should treat their homes like they now have to treat their workplaces and only smoke outside.Ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist Martin Birchall was reported on the BBC website on Saturday as saying that:"Passive smoking at home, exposing children to smoke they cannot escape from, increases the risk of them getting ear disease, sticky runny noses and sore throats, and further down the track, some of these ENT symptoms can in due course led on to worse diseases such as asthma." He said we need to "keep banging the drum" until the message is driven home. Every cigarette a parent smokes in front of his or her child is one the child also smokes, he said.Click here for the full BBC News story.Sources: BBC News, Press Association, MNT Archives.

NEWS IN SCIENCE : SMOKES AND CHILD HEALTH

2008-12-19T08:43:00.000-08:00

News Smokes and Child health in Science

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

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Smoking mothers put second child at risk: study,Posted Thu Aug 14, 2008 7:50am AEST
Map: Liverpool 2170
A large Australian health study has found that women who smoke in their first pregnancy are also putting their second baby at risk of being born small or premature.
Researchers from Sydney's Liverpool Hospital examined the medical records from almost 245,000 mothers who gave birth to two children.
They found women who smoked in the first pregnancy but not the second still had a higher risk of having a pre-term baby.
One fifth of Australian women still smoke while pregnant.
The more women smoked, the more likely they were to have smaller babies or infants prone to becoming sick after birth.
Tags: health, medical-research, reproduction-and-contraception , pregnancy-and-childbirth, smoking, australia, nsw, liverpool-2170, sydney-2000
News on Tobacco Smoking Stop-tabac.chPrepared by Jean-François EtterJuly 15, 2008
Passive smoking and breast cancer in never smokers: prospective study and meta-analysisQUITTING SMOKING PAYS DIVIDENDSUSA: Study shows youth smoking rates have stagnated
Passive smoking and breast cancer in never smokers: prospective study and meta-analysis
BACKGROUND: Active smoking has little or no effect on women's risk of developing breast cancer, but it has been suggested that passive exposure to tobacco smoke may increase this risk among women who have never smoked. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible relationship between passive smoking and breast cancer risk within the Million Women Study, a large UK prospective study, and to report a meta-analysis of published results. METHODS: In the large prospective study, 224 917 never smokers who completed a questionnaire that asked women whether their parents had smoked and if their current partner smoked were followed up for an average of 3.5 years for incident breast cancer. In the meta-analysis, studies that had recorded exposure information prospectively and retrospectively were considered separately. Main outcome measures Adjusted relative risk of breast cancer in ne! ver smokers who were passively exposed to tobacco smoke at various ages compared with never smokers with no such exposure. RESULTS: In the prospective study, 2518 incident invasive breast cancers occurred during follow-up and the adjusted relative risk of breast cancer for passive exposure either as a child or as an adult vs neither exposure was 0.98 (95% CI 0.88-1.09); results were similarly null for childhood exposure (0.98, 0.88-1.08) and adult exposure (1.02, 0.89-1.16) separately. We identified seven other studies with prospectively recorded exposure data; when results of all eight studies were combined (including 5743 never smokers with breast cancer), the aggregate relative risk was 0.99 (0.93-1.05) for any passive exposure. The aggregate findings differed substantially (P = 0.0002) between these 8 studies and 17 other studies with retrospectively recorded information (including 5696 never smokers with breast cancer). CONCLUSIONS: Aggregate results from studi! es with prospectively reported information show that the incidence of breast cancer is similar in women who did and did not report passive exposure to tobacco smoke either as a child or as an adult. The aggregate findings from the retrospective studies may have been distorted by some women becoming more likely to report past exposures because they knew that they had breast cancer. http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/dyn110v1 Int J Epidemiol. 2008 Jun 10. [Epub ahead of print] Pirie K, Beral V, Peto R, Roddam A, Reeves G, Green J; for the Million Women Study Collaborators.Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, England.
QUITTING SMOKING PAYS DIVIDENDS
Financial information service Moneyfacts estimates that anyone who gave up a year ago could have made more than 3,000 if the cash was saved. A 30-a-day smoker would save about 250 a month by quitting, which would have grown to 3,108 in a typical variable rate saver account. But publicans say they have been hit financially by smoking bans. The smoking industry is worth an estimated 12bn in the UK. Source: BBC OnlineDate: 2008-06-27URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7477440.stm%3Cbr%3E
USA: Study shows youth smoking rates have stagnated
An article in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows, alarmingly, that the decline in smoking rates among high school students seen from 1997 to 2003 continues to stagnate. These results are an ominous sign as an overwhelming majority of smokers begin their deadly addiction during this critical stage of development in their lives. Bernadette A. Toomey, President and CEO of the American Lung Association said, "Ninety percent of smokers start before their 21st birthday, and tragically up to one-half of them will eventually die from a tobacco-related disease. This is a clear warning sign that our leaders must summon the political will to implement lifesaving policies we know will work to end our nation's tobacco epidemic." Legislation is pending before the U.S. Congress granting the U.S. Food and Drug Admini! stration (FDA) the authority to regulate tobacco products to help reduce the pervasive pedaling of tobacco products to our children. The legislation has passed out of committee in both the House and Senate, but is awaiting floor action in both houses. Toomey explained, "Congress needs to pass the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act to curb tobacco marketing to our youth. Without this legislation in place, the tobacco companies will continue to market and sell candy-flavoured cigarettes and other products aimed at addicting our nation's most vulnerable citizens." These results also speak to the states' not fully funding and implementing comprehensive tobacco prevention and cessation programmess. Thirty two states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico earned "Fs" for failing to adequately fund their programmes in the American Lung Association's State of Tobacco Control 2007 report released in January. Only six states funded prevention prog! rammes at the levels recommended by the CDC. Toomey stated, " The failure of states to fully fund comprehensive tobacco prevention programmess is inexcusable - especially when examined in light of the amount of tobacco revenue that comes into their states each year. These programmes are proven and effective at reducing youth smoking rates." Source: www.Ash.org.uk and News-Medical.Net, 26 June 2008 Link: http://tinyurl.com/5otr6y
Ear Infections In Children Linked To Passive Smoking
ScienceDaily (May 19, 2008) — A new report from Perth's Telethon Institute for Child Health Research has found a strong link between childhood ear infections and exposure to tobacco smoke.
The families of 100 Aboriginal children and 180 non-Aboriginal children participated in the Kalgoorlie Otitis Media Research Project, allowing the collection of social, demographic, environmental and biological data to investigate the causes of otitis media (middle ear infections). The children had regular ear examinations from birth until 2 years of age.
Chief Investigator Dr Deborah Lehmann, who heads the Institute's infectious diseases research, said ear infections were the most common reason that young children see a doctor and can cause life-long problems.
"Up to 20 per cent of children have more than three ear infections between 1 and 2 years of age. If their hearing is damaged, it can seriously affect their educational outcomes and social circumstances in adulthood," Dr Lehmann said.
"In Aboriginal children, these ear infections typically start at a younger age, are much more common and more likely to result in hearing loss."
Key findings from the project include:
Otitis media was diagnosed at least once in 74% of Aboriginal children and 45% of non-Aboriginal children.
64% of Aboriginal children and 40% of non-Aboriginal children were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.
If we eliminated exposure to tobacco smoke we estimate that we could reduce ear infections by 27% in Aboriginal children and 16% in non-Aboriginal children
The impact of passive smoking in the home on ear infections was reduced if the children also attended day care.
Dr Lehmann said there is evidence that passive smoking can increase the adherence of bacteria in the respiratory passages and depress the immune system.
"These results highlight the importance of reducing children's exposure to passive smoking, and this is particularly important for Aboriginal people where the rates of both smoking and otitis media are high," she said.
"Few Aboriginal children have access to formal childcare despite studies showing that it is an effective way to improve early development and educational outcomes for disadvantaged children. The fact that it could also reduce the burden of ear infections in Aboriginal children adds weight to calls for appropriate childcare facilities to be provided."
The results are published in the latest edition of the Medical Journal of Australia.
Outdoor smoking affects children indoors.Parents who smoke outside their house are still exposing their children to the harmful effects of passive smoking, an Australian study suggests.
The study found that the levels of respirable suspended particles, including nicotine, were significantly higher in houses where smokers lived than in smoke-free homes - even if they only smoked outside.
The findings appear in the latest issue of Indoor Air.
Lead author of the study, Dr Krassi Rumchev of Curtin University of Technology, says the findings indicate that the level of passive smoking by children at home may be underestimated, as those whose parents smoked outside were exposed to levels of environmental tobacco smoke high enough to cause harm.
"According to the study, smoking outdoors seems inadequate to protect children," Rumchev says.
"[The] results demonstrate clearly that if parents want a smoke-free environment for children, they need to stop smoking."
She adds that children were more likely to have respiratory illnesses including asthma, coughs and colds than those in tobacco-free households.
Clinging on
The researchers urge doctors to advise parents to quit and make their homes completely smoke-free.
Rumchev says smoke-free public places have worked well and the next step is smoke-free homes for children.
Researchers measured nicotine and respirable particles over 24 hours in the living rooms of 92 Perth households with children aged between four and nine years old.
Although 39 houses (42%) had smokers, only 4% said smoking occurred inside.
Levels were low in homes without smokers and considerably higher in houses where smoking was reported.
"[The] findings are concerning, and it's a clear message that more education programs are required and we need to concentrate on making residential settings smoke-free," she says.
She says smokers appear to disperse pollutants into the home when returning inside.
"When people come inside they're still breathing out smoke and it contaminates the air. It's enough to do harm," Rumchev says.
"Nicotine attaches to the hair and body, and pollutants are dispersed into the air off clothes, because small particles can attach to clothes."
Coughs and wheezes
Half of the children in the study had lower respiratory symptoms, such as asthma, wheezing and shortness of breath, while 42% had upper respiratory symptoms, including coughing and runny nose.
Respiratory illness was more prevalent in households with smokers than smoke-free homes. Children exposed to higher air nicotine levels were three times more likely to have asthma or wheeze than those not exposed.
The study also found that those with coughs or runny noses were exposed to higher nicotine levels than children without these symptoms.
The researchers found that air-conditioning or opening windows did not sufficiently reduce environmental tobacco smoke.
They also say that particulate levels related to gas heating and cooking were accounted for in this study.
The study adds to previous research, which shows that environmental tobacco smoke impacts more in early childhood when the immune system and lungs are developing.
About 8% of childhood asthma and 13% of major lower respiratory illnesses in Australian children are due to passive smoking.
Tags: diseases-and-disorders, asthma, respiratory-diseases, nicotine, smoking, tobacco
Girls and children exposed to tobacco smoke benefit more from montelukast (singulair)
Published: Tuesday, May 13, 2008 - 15:14 in Health & Medicine
Learn more about: benefit girls journal of allergy and clinical immunology montelukast singulair tobacco smoke
Girls and children exposed to tobacco smoke respond particularly well to montelukast (Singulair) according to researchers at National Jewish Medical and Research Center. Associate Professor of Pediatrics Nathan Rabinovitch, MD, and his colleagues also identified two biomarkers that may help physicians predict even more precisely which patients will benefit from montelukast. “These findings will help doctors know in advance which patients are most likely to benefit from montelukast and to tailor an effective treatment regimen for specifically them,” said Dr. Rabinovitch.
The study was recently published online and will appear in the June issue of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
Inhaled corticosteroids are considered the first-line treatment for cases of persistent asthma. However, steroids alone do not effectively control asthma in 30 percent to 40 percent of patients and they may have some side effects, especially in children. In those cases, a secondary medication is often used. Montelukast is one such medication.
Montelukast, one of the most widely prescribed medications for asthma and allergies, blocks the action of chemicals called leukotrienes, which contribute to inflammation. However, physicians have found that montelukast is quite variable in its effectiveness, helping some patients but not others. Dr. Rabinovitch and his colleagues set out to better understand its variable effectiveness.
They followed the 27 asthmatic students from the Kunsberg School on the National Jewish campus for five months. The children received daily montelukast or a placebo without any change in their other asthma medications. The primary measure of asthma control was how often children needed to use their short-acting rescue medication albuterol.
Before the children began taking montelukast, researchers found that when leukotriene levels in their urine rose, the children used 20 to 25% more albuterol two days later. Once they began taking montelukast, however, children did not need to take albuterol as often when their leukotriene levels rose. Two groups of children responded particularly well to montelukast: girls and children with high levels of cotinine in their urine, which indicated exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke. Both had statistically significant reduced sensitivity to leukotrienes once they began taking montelukast.
“When looking at a general population of patients, montelukast does not appear to be very effective,” said Dr. Rabinovitch. “However, in certain patients, the choice of motelukast may be warranted, particularly in school-age girls and children exposed to tobacco smoke.”
Dr. Rabinovitch and his colleagues also found that measuring exhaled nitric oxide, a measure of inflammation in patients’ breath, and leukotrienes in their urine, could also help them predict which patients would respond well to montelukast-- those with a high leukotriene/nitric oxide ratio.
“Increasingly we have come to understand that asthma is not just one disease; it is more likely several diseases that present with similar symptoms. Thus different medications are likely to work for different patients,” said Dr. Rabinovitch. “It is important that we be more selective and tailor our medication regimen so that each child receives the most safe and effective treatment for their type of asthma.”
Source: National Jewish Medical and Research Center
Exposure to Smoking in Movies Influences Kids Lighting Up. This finding suggests that the process which leads children to initiate smoking begins much earlier than adolescence.
HANOVER, NH—New research from Dartmouth Medical School (DMS) strengthens the case that children's exposure to smoking in movies influences their decision to start smoking. It further suggests that smoking in movies seen in early childhood has an equally significant impact on that decision as movie smoking exposure closer to adolescence. The study, published in the January issue of Pediatrics, was the first of its kind to focus on elementary school children, and the first to update the children's exposure to movie smoking over time.
Lead author is Dr. Linda Titus-Ernstoff, a professor of community and family medicine and of pediatrics at Dartmouth Medical School (DMS), and the associate director of the Hood Center for Children and Families. The research team surveyed more than 2,200 children ages 9-12 from 26 schools in New Hampshire and Vermont. Children were asked about movies they had seen and their smoking behavior at an initial baseline survey and at two follow-up surveys. Children who had already tried smoking before the baseline survey were not included in the follow-up surveys.
At the baseline survey, children were given randomly sampled lists containing 50 of the 550 top box office movies over the prior 5.5 years and asked which movies they had seen. Children were interviewed again in two follow-up surveys, one and two years later, about their smoking behavior and the movies they had seen based on updated lists of 50 of the 200 top box office movies and video rentals during the previous year.
By the third survey, 10 percent of the children had initiated smoking. Results from the three surveys showed that each child had seen an average of 37 out of the 150 popular movies they were asked about, exposing them to an average of 150 smoking occurrences. About 80 percent of the children's exposure was due to smoking images portrayed in youth-rated movies (G, PG, PG-13).
"The results indicated that the earliest exposure to movie smoking was as important as exposure measured at the two follow-ups in predicting children's smoking initiation," said Titus-Ernstoff. "This finding suggests that the process which leads children to initiate smoking begins much earlier than adolescence. Viewing smoking in the movies may influence the decision to smoke in more than a third of children."
The take-home message from this study is that exposure to movie smoking occurring during early childhood is as influential as exposure that occurs nearer to the time of smoking initiation, Titus-Ernstoff says. Even young children who see smoking in movies may be at risk for smoking later on. Parents also need to be aware, she adds, that most of children's exposure to movie smoking comes from youth-rated movies, and that they should try to reduce their children's viewing of movies that contain smoking.
Study co-authors of the study include Drs. Madeline Dalton, who led the research study, Anna Adachi-Mejia, Meghan R. Longacre and Michael Beach, all with Dartmouth Medical School. Additionally, Dalton is director of the Hood Center for Children and Families, and Adachi-Mejia is assistant director of the Center 's Community Health Research Program; Beach is with the Department of Anesthesiology at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.
Secondhand Smoke Worse for Children
Kids at higher risk, since they breathe in more air by weight than adults, study says
Posted October 20, 2008
MONDAY, Oct. 20 (HealthDay News) -- Children exposed to secondhand smoke often have levels of carbon monoxide in their blood that are similar to those of adult smokers, and frequently higher levels than adults exposed to secondhand smoke, a new study found. The study, to be presented at the American Society of Anesthesiologists annual meeting that concludes Oct. 22 in Orlando, Fla., said the younger the child, the greater the potential for exposure.
"The physiology of children -- especially the youngest -- is different from that of adults," Dr. Branden E. Yee, of the anesthesiology department at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, said in a news release issued by the society. "Children breathe in a greater amount of air per body weight compared to adults."
The study measured levels of carboxyhemoglobin, which is formed when carbon monoxide binds to the blood, in 200 children between the ages of 1 and 12. The exact ramifications of high levels of carboxyhemoglobin are not entirely known, but long-term, low-level exposure includes changes in heart and lung tissue as it hampers delivery of oxygen to body tissue.
While household and environmental factors such as stoves, heaters and automobiles are potential sources of carbon monoxide exposure, secondhand cigarette smoke is often the most likely source of elevated carboxyhemoglobin, the researchers said.
Yee said educating parents about the need to change their smoking habits, especially around children, is vital.
"Personalized education coupled with the act of physically showing a parent the carboxyhemoglobin measurement in his or her child's blood may provide a graphic and concrete message to that parent," he said.
More information
The U.S. National Cancer Institute has more about secondhand smoke.
State lawmakers want smoking in cars with children banned . OLYMPIA, Wash. (AP) - In a state that already has banned smoking inside restaurants and bars and texting in cars, lawmakers want to snuff out smoking in cars if children are in the vehicle.Lawmakers pushing the measure say that it's a common sense bill that protects a child's health, and everyone seems to agree. There's almost no opposition against the bill, including from the tobacco industry."We are such a strong state in helping adults stop smoking," said Rep. Shay Schual-Berke, D-Normandy Park, the House bill's prime sponsor. "Why aren't we protecting kids? This is a very obvious public health issue we can do something about."Two measures are moving through the Legislature. Both would make smoking in the car with a child present a secondary offense, meaning that law-enforcement agents can't pull over a motorist just for seeing a child and a lit cigarette in the same vehicle.The difference between the bills is the age of a child. In Schual-Berke's measure, the cutoff age is 18, while the Senate version's is 13.Schual-Berke said she is not looking for another way to ticket motorists, and has included an amendment in her bill that would allow a six-month grace period for a public awareness campaign.If the measures become law, Washington would join California, Arkansas, Louisiana and Puerto Rico in banning smoking when kids are in the vehicle, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.The House and Senate bills have cleared committees and now await a floor vote.Levels of smoke particles are much higher in a car that has the windows closed than in bars that allow smoking, said David Kalman, a professor of environmental health at the University of Washington.His research found that the levels in a car with the windows closed are 6 to 10 milligrams per cubic meter. Citing another project in the New York-New Jersey area, he said levels in bars were 2.4 milligrams. The EPA target for healthy air, Kalman said, is .04 milligrams."A car is much worse than a smoky bar," Kalman said. "I think it's a real bad idea to expose children to cigarette smoke in a car."He added that cigarette smoke spreads in a car equally, so that it doesn't matter where the smoker is sitting.Schual-Berke, who is a cardiologist, said second hand smoke around children is linked to Sudden Infant Death syndrome, and a number of other conditions that can appear later in life, including asthma, miscarriages and cancer."I can't imagine if a parent knew this, I don't think a responsible parent would continue smoking in front of a child in a car," she said. "It's hard to argue against a bill that will inform parents."

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ABSTRACT RECOMENDATION, SMOKE ANDCHILD HEALTH : Effects of Passive Smoking on Children

2008-12-17T15:56:00.000-08:00

RECOMMENDATION ABSTRACT

Effect of strategies to reduce exposure of infants to environmental tobacco smoke in the home: cross sectional survey

BMJ 2003;327:257 (2 August), doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7409.257

Clare Blackburn, senior lecturer1, Nick Spencer, professor of child health1, Sheila Bonas, lecturer in health psychology2, Christine Coe, research fellow1, Alan Dolan, lecturer1, Rob Moy, senior lecturer in community paediatrics3
1 School of Health and Social Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, 2 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 6TP, 3 Institute of Child Health, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham
Correspondence to: C Blackburn c.m.blackburn@warwick.ac.uk

Objective To examine parents' reported knowledge and use of harm reduction strategies to protect their infants from exposure to tobacco smoke in the home, and the relation between reported use of strategies and urinary cotinine to creatinine ratios in the infants.
Design Cross sectional survey.
Settings Coventry and Birmingham.
Main outcome measures Parents' reported knowledge and use of harm reduction strategies and urinary cotinine to creatinine ratios in their infants.
Participants 314 smoking households with infants.
Results 86% of parents (264/307) believed that environmental tobacco smoke is harmful, 90% (281/314) believed that infants can be protected from it in the home, and 10% (32/314) were either unaware of measures or reported using none. 65% of parents (205/314) reported using two or more measures, but only 18% (58/314) reported not allowing smoking in the home. No difference was found in mean log e transformed urinary cotinine to creatinine ratio in infants from households that used no measures compared with households that used less strict measures. Mean log cotinine to creatinine ratios were significantly different in households banning smoking in the home compared with those using less strict or no measures. Banning smoking in the home was independently associated with a significant reduction in urinary cotinine to creatinine ratio by a factor of 2.6 (1.6 to 4.2) after adjustment for average household cigarette consumption, tenure, and overcrowding.
Conclusions Less than a fifth of parents in smoking households ban smoking in the home. Banning smoking was associated with a small but significant reduction in urinary cotinine to creatinine ratio in infants, whereas less strict measures compared with no measures had no effect on the infants' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

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2008-12-17T15:29:00.000-08:00

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Effect of doctors' ethnicity and country of qualification on prescribing patterns in single handed general practices: linkage of information collected by questionnaire and from routine data
CORRECTIONS:Effect of doctors' ethnicity and country of qualification on prescribing patterns in single handed general practices: linkage of information collected by questionnaire and from routine dataBMJ May 1998; 316: 1576 ......effectiveness of general practitioner advice about child safety, and provision of low cost safety...95% confidence interval 1.18 to 2.94), smoke alarms (1.14, 1.04 to 1.25), socket covers...Accidents, Home prevention & control Child Welfare Child, Preschool Counseling......
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Poor more likely to smoke and less likely to quit
NEWS EXTRA:Roger DobsonPoor more likely to smoke and less likely to quitBMJ Apr 2004; 328: 914; doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7445.914-e ......165 Poor more likely to smoke and less likely to quit Roger...backgrounds are more likely to smoke and less likely to give up the...from London s Institute of Child Health, the University of Lancaster...Poor more likely to smoke and less likely to quit. News......
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Babies sleeping with parents: case-control study of factors influencing the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome • Commentary: Cot death---the story so f
Peter S Blair, Peter J Fleming, Iain J Smith, Martin Ward Platt, Jeanine Young, Pam Nadin, P J Berry, Jean Golding, the CESDI SUDI research group, and Ed MitchellBabies sleeping with parents: case-control study of factors influencing the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome • Commentary: Cot deaththe story so farBMJ Dec 1999; 319: 1457 - 1462 ......time to recommend that mothers who smoke should not share a bed with their...infants of parents who did not smoke and became non-significant after...for infants of parents who do not smoke. Institute of Child Health, Royal Hospital for Children......
Sharad G Vaidya, U D Naik, and Jayant S VaidyaEffect of sports sponsorship by tobacco companies on children's experimentation with tobaccoBMJ Aug 1996; 313: 400
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How acute and reversible are the cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke?
Terry F Pechacek and Stephen BabbHow acute and reversible are the cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke?BMJ Apr 2004; 328: 980 - 983; doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7446.980 ......the cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke? Terry F Pechacek associate director...Wagenknecht LE. Environmental tobacco smoke and measures of subclinical vascular...Forster JL, Hurt RD, Repace JL. The smoke you don't see: uncovering tobacco industry......
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UK experience of smoke-free young offenders institute
LETTERS:Ruth R Kipping, June Martin, and Lee BarnesUK experience of smoke-free young offenders instituteBMJ Jan 2006; 332: 120; doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7533.120 ......Letter Letters UK experience of smoke-free young offenders institute Ruth...Editor-Lincoln et al report the US experience of smoke-free prisons. 1 We report experience...of 15 and 18. Ashfield introduced a smoke-free policy on 1 February 2005. Smoking......
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Just another nightmare?
VIEWS AND REVIEWS:T SheldonJust another nightmare?BMJ Apr 1994; 308: 987 ......to discover a plague of headless chickens; a child's nightmare sequence, full of swirling smoke and bright lights pans chaotically through a...Those real events surrounded claims of ritual child abuse that emerged in 1987 from Oude Pekela......
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Smoke detectors and house fire
EDITORIALS:Barry PlessSmoke detectors and house fires BMJ Nov 2002; 325: 979 - 980; doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7371.979 ...Editorials 170 Smoke detectors and house fires Alarms failed...randomised trial of a distribution programme for smoke detectors fully deserves such accolades...what has been shown to be efficacious. Smoke detectors must surely rank high on the......
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Carcinogen in tobacco smoke can be passed to fetus
NEWS:Jacqui WiseCarcinogen in tobacco smoke can be passed to fetusBMJ Aug 1998; 317: 555 ...News 144 Carcinogen in tobacco smoke can be passed to fetus Jacqui Wise...of the strongest carcinogens in tobacco smoke is transmitted to developing fetuses when...during pregnancy. Carcinogen in tobacco smoke can be passed to fetus. News 0 Carcinogens......Extract Full text PDF
Weight growth in infants born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy
Valentino Conter, Ivan Cortinovis, Patrizia Rogari, and Luca RivaWeight growth in infants born to mothers who smoked during pregnancyBMJ Mar 1995; 310: 768 - 771 ......exposure to environmental smoke after birth and socioeconomic...pregnancy and subsequent child development. BMJ 1973;iv...a long term effect on the child? Lancet 1972;ii:1332-6. 8...born to mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy, the birt
RESEARCH:Summer Sherburne Hawkins, Kate Lamb, Tim J Cole, Catherine Law the Millennium Cohort Study Child Health GroupInfluence of moving to the UK on maternal health behaviours: prospective cohort studyBMJ May 2008; 336: 1052 - 1055; doi:10.1136/bmj.39532.688877.25 ......Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N...were less likely to smoke (15% v 37%) or consume...and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure on children. Arch Dis Child 2003;88:1086-90...Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N......
Abstract Abridged PDF Full text PDF
Free smoke alarms: a fire officer responds
LETTERS:Roger GreetFree smoke alarms: a fire officer respondsBMJ Jan 2003; 326: 165; doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7381.165/c ...Letters Free smoke alarms: a fire officer responds Roger...and ongoing debate on the issue of free smoke detectors and the suggested outcomes from...components. The first is the gift of the smoke detector itself. Being given one doesnt....Extract Full text
Protecting children from passive smoking
EDITORIALS:Roberta Ferrence and Mary Jane AshleyProtecting children from passive smokingBMJ Aug 2000; 321: 310 - 311; doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7257.310 ......environmental tobacco smoke, which accrue from...revisions to the Ontario Child and Family Services...failure to protect the child or a pattern of neglect...particularly difficult with smoke exposure, since smoking...Editorial 0 Tobacco Smoke Pollution BMJ...10926591 Adolescent Child Health Policy.....Extract Full text PDF
A 28 year follow up of mortality among women who smoked during pregnancy
Paula Rantakallio, Esa Laara, and Markku KoiranenA 28 year follow up of mortality among women who smoked during pregnancyBMJ Aug 1995; 311: 477 - 480 ......stressful events will smoke more heavily and has a...maternal smoking for the child entail more confounders...pregnancy and subsequent child development. BMJ 1973...be higher in women who smoke during pregnancy than in other women who smoke. This may be explained......
Abstract Full text
Twins and maternal smoking: ordeals for the fetal origins hypothesis? A cohort study
Sheila Williams and Richie PoultonTwins and maternal smoking: ordeals for the fetal origins hypothesis? A cohort studyBMJ Apr 1999; 318: 897 ......singletons * Children of mothers who smoke in pregnancy have a lower mean birth...7 Silva PA, Stanton WR, eds. From child to adult. The Dunedin multidisciplinary...Pressure physiology Body Height Child Cohort Studies Female Humans.....Abstract Full text PDF abridged version
Cigarette advertising and children's smoking: why Reg was withdrawn
EDUCATION AND DEBATE:G B Hastings, H Ryan, P Teer, and A M MacKintoshCigarette advertising and children's smoking: why Reg was withdrawnBMJ Oct 1994; 309: 933 - 937 ......what they are .... It's because you smoke you know what they are and you recognise...non-directive and complimentary license to smoke. In contrast, the campaign's supposed...Age Factors Aged Attitude Child Child Psychology Female Great Britain.....Abstract Full text
Counselling smoking mothers protects their children from passive smokingTHIS WEEK IN THE BMJ:Counselling smoking mothers protects their children from passive smokingBMJ Aug 2000; 321: 0d; doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7257.0/d ......passive smoking Almost half the worlds child population is exposed to tobacco smoke at home. On p 337 Hovell et al report...childrens exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The study showed that counselled mothers...of children from environmental tobacco smoke in their homes. Counselling smoking.....Full text
Cancer Prevention in Primary Care: Smoking and cancer: smoking cessation
GENERAL PRACTICE:J Austoker, D Sanders, and G FowlerCancer Prevention in Primary Care: Smoking and cancer: smoking cessationBMJ Jun 1994; 308: 1478 - 1482 ......years\b\b* Risk is reduced by ceasing to smoke - after 10 or more years of giving up\bsmoking...control of tobacco promotion, enforcement of smoke free environments, and a national health...Nicotine Adolescent Adult Age Factors Child Counseling Family Practice Female
EDUCATION AND DEBATE:Jonathan Foulds and Christine Godfrey, Counting the costs of children's smoking, BMJ Oct 1995; 311: 1152 - 1154 ......making it illegal to sell tobacco to any child under 16. This may seem like a considerable...children tobacco spending tax revenue\b per child* 11-15+ (thousands)++ (m)++section (m...Adolescent Advertising as Topic economics Child Female Great Britain Health Expenditures............h......

NEWS : SMOKE AND CHILD HEALTH

2008-12-17T11:23:00.000-08:00

Mistreated children more likely to smoke, drink, fightand suffer from depression as adolescents

source : university of north carolina news

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

CHAPEL HILL – Children who are left home alone, physically neglected, physically assaulted or sexually abused are more likely to smoke cigarettes or marijuana, drink alcohol, abuse inhalants and be depressed or violent when they reach adolescence, according to a study by researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health.
The study found that the most common form of maltreatment was leaving a child home alone, with two out of five respondents (41.5 percent) reporting that their parents or other adult caregivers left them home alone at least once when an adult should have been with them. The researchers hope the finding raises more concern about the link between neglectful parenting and future health.
“Although child neglect is the most common type of maltreatment, it receives much less attention than physical or sexual abuse,” said Dr. Jon Hussey, research assistant professor of maternal and child health at the UNC School of Public Health and a fellow at the Carolina Population Center. “However, the associations between child neglect and adolescent health risks were largely comparable to those found for child abuse.”
The study, published in the September 2006 issue of the journal Pediatrics, examines the association between maltreatment of children and their state of health when they reach adolescence. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, researchers found that supervision neglect, physical assault, physical neglect and contact sexual abuse before the sixth grade were all associated with a number of major adolescent health risks. Each type of maltreatment was associated with eight or more of 10 adolescent health risks, including drug, cigarette and alcohol use; violence; and depression.
More than one in four children (28.4 percent) reported physical assault, defined as being slapped, hit or kicked by a parent or other adult caregiver. The third most prevalent type of maltreatment was physical neglect, where a parent or caregiver did not meet a child’s basic needs, such as keeping him/her clean, fed and adequately clothed. Finally, by the time they entered sixth grade, about one in 25 (4.5 percent) said they had been victims of contact sexual abuse committed by a parent or other adult caregiver.
“Because many behaviors that influence adult health are initiated and established in adolescence, understanding how childhood experiences influence these behaviors will help prevention and treatment efforts,” Hussey said. “Children and adolescents stand a better chance of growing up to become healthy adults if we can intervene early and effectively.”
Co-authors include Dr. Jonathan B. Kotch, a UNC professor of maternal and child health, and Dr. Jen Jen Chang, assistant professor of community health in epidemiology at the Saint Louis University School of Public Health.

NEWS : SMOKE AND CHILD HEALTH

2008-12-17T11:20:00.000-08:00

Second-Hand Smoke Boosts Children's Allergy Risk

source : newsmax.com news

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

Breathing in second-hand tobacco smoke in early infancy boosts the risk of developing allergies, suggests research published ahead of print in the journal Thorax.
The findings are based on parental survey responses from more than 4000 families about their children’s allergies and the environmental factors to which they had been exposed before and after birth.
These included parental smoking, pet dander (animal hair and dead skin), and foodstuffs.
Parents completed questionnaires when their children were 2 months and 12 months old, and again when they were 2 and 4 years old.
A blood sample was taken from over 2500 children at the age of 4 to look for the presence of immunoglobulin E, or IgE for short.
IgE is an immune system chemical released in response to allergic substances or allergens. High levels indicate ‘sensitisation’ to allergens.
One in 12 mothers (8%) smoked throughout pregnancy, and one in eight (12%) smoked during part of their pregnancy
But there was no evidence that smoking while pregnant affected a child’s risk of becoming sensitised to certain allergens.

But one parent of one in five children smoked after their baby was born. And around one in 20 children (4%) were exposed to tobacco smoke from both parents.
One in four children had high IgE levels by the time they were 4 years old, with 15% allergic to inhaled allergens, 16% to food allergens, and 7% to both types.
Children exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke in early infancy were almost twice as likely to be allergic to inhaled allergens, such as pet dander, as those who had not been so exposed.
And they were almost 50% more likely to be allergic to foodstuffs.
Only children whose parents were not themselves allergic were affected

NEWS : SMOKE AND CHILD HEALTH

2008-12-17T11:14:00.000-08:00

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Second-Hand Smoke Decreases Children's Reading, Math and Reasoning Skills

source : daily news central

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

More than 33 million children in the U.S. are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at levels consistent with the adverse effects seen in this study. Parents who want their children to do better in school would be well advised to look beyond making sue they do their homework, have a good breakfast and get plenty of sleep. They should throw away their own pack of cigarettes and do their best to keep their kids away from others' second-hand smoke.A new Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center study shows that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, even at extremely low levels, is associated with decreases in certain cognitive skills -- including reading, math, and logic and reasoning -- in children and adolescents.
The study is the largest ever to look at the effects of environmental tobacco smoke on children's health. It is published in the January issue of Environmental Health Perspectives.
More Than 33 Million U.S. Children Exposed
"This study provides further incentive for states to set public health standards to protect children from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke," says Kimberly Yolton, PhD, a researcher at the Children's Environmental Health Center at Cincinnati Children's and the study's main author. "We estimate that more than 33 million children in the United States are exposed to levels consistent with the adverse effects seen in this study."
The study's findings translate into nearly a three-point decline in a standardized reading test and nearly a two-point decline in a standardized math test, given an average score of 100 and a modest increase in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
Logic and reasoning skills were tested in a task that involved the assembly of blocks. This task evaluated a child's ability to visually organize and reason in constructing a design quickly and accurately. The study found a .55 decline in block-design scores, given an average score of 10 and a modest increase in exposure.

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"These declines may not be clinically meaningful for an individual child, but they have huge implications for our society because millions of children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in the United States," says Dr. Yolton.
The study is based on data gathered from 1988-94 for the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III), conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NHANES is designed to collect information about the health and diet of people in the United States.
85% of U.S. Children Have Cotinine in Their Blood
To measure exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, researchers measured levels of cotinine, a substance produced when nicotine is broken down by the body. Cotinine can be measured in blood, urine, saliva and hair. It is considered the best marker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure.
For this study, cotinine was measured in the blood of 4,399 children between 6 and 16 years old. Children were only included in the analysis if their serum (blood) cotinine levels were at or below 15 ng/ml, a level consistent with environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and if they denied using any tobacco products in the previous five days.
Cognitive and academic abilities were assessed using portions of standardized intelligence and achievement tests. Reading, math and reasoning scores were highly related to environmental tobacco smoke exposure: The greater the levels of exposure as measured by cotinine levels, the greater the decline in reading and reasoning ability, even at extremely low levels of exposure, according to Dr. Yolton.
Surprisingly, Dr. Yolton and colleagues at Cincinnati Children's also found greater decreases in cognitive skills at lower levels of exposure. While there was, on average, a one-point decline in reading scores for each unit increase in cotinine at levels above 1 ng/ml, there was a five-point decline for each unit increase in cotinine at levels below 1 ng/ml.
In the United States, 43 percent of children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in their own homes, and 85 percent of children have detectable levels of cotinine in their blood.

NEWS : SMOKE AND CHILD HEALTH

2008-12-17T11:11:00.000-08:00

Secondhand Smoke Leaves Kids Prone to Severe Infections And those infections

force many children to be hospitalized, study finds

source : health on the net foundation

.

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

WEDNESDAY, May 28 (HealthDay News) -- Here's another reason why adults shouldn't smoke around kids:
In addition to developing asthma and respiratory infections, children in households where someone smokes are more likely to catch a whole range of severe infections, including meningococcal disease. Many even have to be hospitalized, a new study found.
Being around smoke during the first few months of life was most dangerous, especially if the newborn was born underweight or premature.
"This is just adding to the list of why people should not be smoking," said Dr. Len Horovitz, a pulmonary specialist with Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. "It's probably that smoking is not just a respiratory irritant, but many things in smoke affect the immune system."
The ill effects of secondhand smoke on people of all ages is well known. As more bans are put in place, children -- and others -- are exposed less and less to secondhand smoke in public places. But secondhand smoke in the home is another matter, according to the study authors, from the University of Hong Kong, whose findings are published online May 28 in the journal Tobacco Control .
The researchers followed 7,402 children born in Hong Kong in April and May of 1997 (representing almost 80 percent of all children born in Hong Kong during that time period) until they turned 8 in 2005.
Exposure to secondhand smoke within a distance of three meters (9.8 feet) in early life was associated with a 14 percent increased risk of being hospitalized for infectious diseases up until the age of 8.
And exposure to secondhand smoke during a baby's first six months of life increased the likelihood of a hospitalization by 45 percent by the time the child was 8. Babies born prematurely were twice as likely to be hospitalized, while those born with a low birth weight were 75 percent more likely to be hospitalized during the first eight years of life, the study found.
Children born to younger, poorer mothers were more likely to be exposed to secondhand smoke.
"The major strength of the study is that it was done in Hong Kong where they can follow 80-plus percent of a birth cohort," said Dr. Norman Edelman, chief medical officer of the American Lung Association. "The respiratory findings are not new, the other infections are."
The study authors speculate that secondhand smoke may affect the immune system, making infants, toddlers and young children more susceptible to infections of all kinds.
"It suggests that [secondhand smoke] affects the infant's immune system in some way," said Dr. John Saito, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine.
"The take-home message is that there is a distance factor here. If you are a certain distance away, it certainly reduces your child's risk," added Saito, who is chief of pediatric pulmonary, allergy and immunology and director of the Cystic Fibrosis Center at Scott & White Hospital, in Texas. "So while we have a very difficult time getting people to quit for a long period of time or at all, the message is that even if you can't manage to quit, just the fact that you can smoke outside or in the next room or just limiting the exposure significantly reduces the chance of your child getting an infection or being hospitalized, at least based on this study."

WEDNESDAY, May 28 (HealthDay News) -- Here's another reason why adults shouldn't smoke around kids:
In addition to developing asthma and respiratory infections, children in households where someone smokes are more likely to catch a whole range of severe infections, including meningococcal disease. Many even have to be hospitalized, a new study found.
Being around smoke during the first few months of life was most dangerous, especially if the newborn was born underweight or premature.
"This is just adding to the list of why people should not be smoking," said Dr. Len Horovitz, a pulmonary specialist with Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. "It's probably that smoking is not just a respiratory irritant, but many things in smoke affect the immune system."
The ill effects of secondhand smoke on people of all ages is well known. As more bans are put in place, children -- and others -- are exposed less and less to secondhand smoke in public places. But secondhand smoke in the home is another matter, according to the study authors, from the University of Hong Kong, whose findings are published online May 28 in the journal Tobacco Control .
The researchers followed 7,402 children born in Hong Kong in April and May of 1997 (representing almost 80 percent of all children born in Hong Kong during that time period) until they turned 8 in 2005.
Exposure to secondhand smoke within a distance of three meters (9.8 feet) in early life was associated with a 14 percent increased risk of being hospitalized for infectious diseases up until the age of 8.
And exposure to secondhand smoke during a baby's first six months of life increased the likelihood of a hospitalization by 45 percent by the time the child was 8. Babies born prematurely were twice as likely to be hospitalized, while those born with a low birth weight were 75 percent more likely to be hospitalized during the first eight years of life, the study found.
Children born to younger, poorer mothers were more likely to be exposed to secondhand smoke.
"The major strength of the study is that it was done in Hong Kong where they can follow 80-plus percent of a birth cohort," said Dr. Norman Edelman, chief medical officer of the American Lung Association. "The respiratory findings are not new, the other infections are."
The study authors speculate that secondhand smoke may affect the immune system, making infants, toddlers and young children more susceptible to infections of all kinds.
"It suggests that [secondhand smoke] affects the infant's immune system in some way," said Dr. John Saito, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine.
"The take-home message is that there is a distance factor here. If you are a certain distance away, it certainly reduces your child's risk," added Saito, who is chief of pediatric pulmonary, allergy and immunology and director of the Cystic Fibrosis Center at Scott & White Hospital, in Texas. "So while we have a very difficult time getting people to quit for a long period of time or at all, the message is that even if you can't manage to quit, just the fact that you can smoke outside or in the next room or just limiting the exposure significantly reduces the chance of your child getting an infection or being hospitalized, at least based on this study."

NEWS : SMOKE AND CHILD HEALTH

2008-12-17T11:05:00.000-08:00

Children affected by passive smoking

source : http://www.practicalparenting/ co uk NEWS

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

A leading hospital says up to a third of the children it treats for certain conditions are ill because their parents smoke in front of them.
Dr Steve Ryan, Medical Director of Liverpool's Alder Hey Hospital, says bronchitis, asthma and ear infections could be cut if parents quit smoking.Speaking to BBC Radio Five Live, he said out of the 35,000 children the hospital treats every year, 2,000 are there because they have been exposed to their parents' smoke.He said between a quarter and a third of those suffering from certain conditions such as chest infections and asthma were the victims of passive smoking.Parents often know the health implications of smoking around their children, he added, but they often lied about whether they smoke near their children."People feel guilty," he told BBC News. "If it was easy, they would give up. Looking after children is good fun but it can be stressful and for some, cigarettes are a way of relieving that stress."He does not think legislation is the answer but believes parents should be aware of the various levels of risk.The top level, he said, was parents smoking in cars, where children were "trapped" and exposed to a "high intensity" of fumes.Mothers smoking is a greater risk than fathers smoking, and smoking in the same room as your child is also high risk, he added."Having smoke on your clothes is a lower risk," he said. "But a good tip for parents is always put on another layer of clothes when smoking outside."Amanda Sandford from smoking campaign group Ash said an estimated half of all children are exposed to smoke in the home."It is clearly a widespread problem and I don't think people realise that so many children are regularly breathing in smoke," she said.Research published in 2005 suggested children exposed to their parents' smoking were three times more likely to develop lung cancer later in life.The British Lung Foundation says 17,000 under-fives are treated every year for exposure to second-hand smoke. The government's independent Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health concluded in 2004 that exposure to second-hand smoke can cause a number of serious medical conditions, including lung cancer, heart disease and childhood respiratory disease.

NEWS : SMOKE AND CHILD HEALTH

2008-12-17T11:01:00.000-08:00

Meningitis risk rockets if you smoke near children

source : mirror co.uk news

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

Second-hand smoke leaves kids more prone to killer diseases such as meningitis, scientists say.
One in three babies raised within 10ft of cigarette fumes needs hospital treatment by their first birthday.
Those exposed in their first six months are 45 per cent likelier to be admitted with infections such as meningitis and septicaemia by the time they are eight. Smokers' kids are also at greater risk of respiratory ailments such as bronchitis, pneumonia and asthma.
But Hong Kong experts fear fumes also hit immune systems. Dr Catherine Mary Schooling said: "Second-hand smoke in early infancy increases severe infectious illnesses requiring hospital admission."
Half of UK kids breathe in fumes at home, with 17,000 under-fives needing treatment. Top doctors this week issue guidelines on shielding youngsters from passive smoking.

NEWS : SMOKE AND CHILDREN

2008-12-17T10:57:00.000-08:00

Child passive smoke damage spotted

source : BBC news

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

Second-hand smoke may harm children
Fresh evidence of the potential harm caused by parents who smoke in front of their children has been revealed by a scientific study.
Children who were exposed to second-hand smoke had much higher levels of chemicals in their bloodstream which suggested their blood vessel walls could already be under attack.
Anti-smoking campaigners say the findings, presented at a heart conference in the US, reinforce the need for parents to protect their children from the effects of cigarette smoke.
Evidence that passive smoking in children is causing harm is growing all the time
Amanda Sandford, ASH A research team from the University of Vienna took blood and urine samples from 158 children aged between three and 15.
They looked for the presence of a chemical called 8-epi-PGF2alpha.
This is formed when other chemicals called "free radicals" come into contact with arachidonic acid, a key body chemical which controls the opening and constricting of blood vessels and the prevention of blood clots.
If the activity of this acid is restricted, in theory it could open the door for the layer of cells lining the blood vessels to stop working properly, which in turn makes them more vulnerable to hardening - and the person to heart disease.
Accelerated damage
This is damage which is believed to accumulate over a lifetime - but which is accelerated by cigarette smoking.
However, even young children who were exposed to second-hand smoke from their parents had elevated levels of 8-epi-PGF2alpha.

Amanda Sandford: "Evidence is growing"If parents were smoking more than 40 cigarettes a day, levels in the blood were as much as 130% higher than those coming from smoke-free homes.
Smoking by the mother had a far more pronounced influence.
Lead researcher Helmut Sinzinger said: "We speculate that mothers may have closer contact with their children at home.
"It's too early to speculate on measures other than recommending parents not to smoke when their children are present.
"In the US and western Europe nearly half of all children are exposed to second-hand smoke in some way. Later vascular disease might be triggered early in childhood by exposure to second-hand smoke."
Driven home
Amanda Sandford, from the anti-smoking pressure group Action on Smoking and Health, urged parents not to smoke while their children were around.
She told BBC News Online: "Evidence that passive smoking in children is causing harm is growing all the time.
"Their bodies appear to be far more vulnerable to the damaging effects of tobacco smoke.
"Ironically, it may be that the clampdown on smoking in so many public places means that smoking in the home is actually increasing, as smokers feel it is the one place in which they can smoke without interference."

NEWS : SMOKE AND CHILDREN

2008-12-17T10:55:00.000-08:00

Tobacco smoke dulls child brains

source : BBC news

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

Millions of children are exposed to passive smokingChildren exposed to passive smoking are likely to do worse at school than their peers, research suggests.
Exposure to even low levels of tobacco smoke in the home was linked to lower test results for reading and maths.
The greater the exposure, the worse the decline was, the US Children's Environmental Health Center team found among nearly 4,400 children.
The findings support calls to ban smoking in public places, they told Environmental Health Perspectives.
Although they did not look at the effects over time as the children grew up, the researchers took into account other individual differences that might have skewed the results, such as parental education.
School skills
The study was based on data gathered between1988 and 1994 to give a snapshot of the health of people in the US at that time.
To measure exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, the scientists measured levels of cotinine, a substance produced when nicotine is broken down by the body.
Cotinine can be measured in blood, urine, saliva and hair.
[This has] huge implications for our society because millions of children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.
Lead author Dr Kimberly Yolton
Children aged between six and 16 were only included in the analysis if their blood cotinine levels were at or below 15 ng/ml - a level consistent with environmental tobacco smoke exposure - and if they denied using any tobacco products in the previous five days.
Dr Kimberly Yolton's team then looked at the children's cognitive and academic abilities in relation to skills such as maths, reading, logic and reasoning.
There was, on average, a one-point decline in reading scores for each unit increase in cotinine at levels above 1 ng/ml.
Furthermore, there was a five-point decline for each unit increase in cotinine at levels below 1 ng/ml, suggesting that even low levels of exposure to tobacco can impair brain function.
Smoking bans
Similarly, passive smoking was linked with nearly a two-point decline in a standardized math test.
Dr Yolton said: "These declines may not be clinically meaningful for an individual child, but they have huge implications for our society because millions of children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke."
She said more studies looking at the effects of passive smoking over time as children grow would be useful, but said she was confident that their findings stood.
She said they added further incentive for countries to set public health standards to protect children from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
Last week, the UK government launched a series of hard-hitting TV advertisements to encourage smokers to quit, particularly those who are parents.
All adults should refrain from smoking when children are present and that includes the home environment
Amanda Sandford, research manager at Action on Smoking and Health
In November, it said smoking would be banned in the majority of public places within the next four years.
But campaigners are worried this will not protect children against exposure to large amounts of smoke in their own homes.
Amanda Sandford, research manager at Action on Smoking and Health, said: "This shocking study strengthens the case for protecting children from second-hand smoke in all indoor environments.
"Banning smoking in all public places where children have access should be a priority, but all adults should refrain from smoking when children are present and that includes the home environment."
Dr Lawrence Whalley of the University of Aberdeen, who has led research showing that smokers' cognitive ability decreases with time, said the current study findings were very important.
"This fits in with what we know about the effects of tobacco smoke, even though it is not conclusive.
"Smoking is bad for children.
"Smoking in pregnancy causes low weight babies who do not fare as well in later years.
"It also causes respiratory diseases."

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2008-12-17T10:37:00.000-08:00

ARTICLES AND FULLTEXT IN JOURNAL PEDIATRIC : SMOKE AND CHILDREN

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The Environmental Consequences of Tobacco Smoking: Implications for Public Policies That Affect the Health of Children
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS:Laurence Finberg, Joseph M. Garfunkel, Stephen H. Gehlbach, John W. Graef, James W. Hanson, Robert M. Heavenrich, Irving H. Mauss, and John L. StevensonThe Environmental Consequences of Tobacco Smoking: Implications for Public Policies That Affect the Health of ChildrenPediatrics, Aug 1982; 70: 314 - 315. ......adequate. In comparison with children of nonsmokers, children of parents who smoke have more bronchitis and pneumonia...chronially exposed to tobacco smoke have reduced function of small...that affect the health of children. Journal Article Child......
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Smoke Detectors: Reducing Deaths and Injuries Due to Fire
Keith S. ReisingerSmoke Detectors: Reducing Deaths and Injuries Due to FirePediatrics, Apr 1980; 65: 718 - 724. ......Article Articles Smoke Detectors: Reducing...of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh...inexpensive and reliable smoke detectors. These detectors...65 No. 4 April 1980 Smoke Detectors: Reducing...of Medicine and the Children `s Hospital of Pittsburgh......
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A National Survey of the Acceptability of Quitlines to Help Parents Quit Smoking
Jonathan P. Winickoff, Susanne E. Tanski, Robert C. McMillen, Bethany J. Hipple, Joan Friebely, and Erica A. HealeyA National Survey of the Acceptability of Quitlines to Help Parents Quit SmokingPediatrics, Apr 2006; 117: e695 - e700. ......2 Environmental tobacco smoke: a hazard to children. American Academy of Pediatrics...Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure (CEASE). Available...should parents protect their children from environmental tobacco-smoke exposure in the home? Pediatrics......
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Addressing Parental Smoking in Pediatrics and Family Practice: A National Survey of Parents
Jonathan P. Winickoff, Robert C. McMillen, Bronwen C. Carroll, Jonathan D. Klein, Nancy A. Rigotti, Susanne E. Tanski, and Michael WeitzmanAddressing Parental Smoking in Pediatrics and Family Practice: A National Survey of ParentsPediatrics, Nov 2003; 112: 1146 - 1151. ......Environmental tobacco smoke: a hazard to children. Pediatrics 1997...environmental tobacco smoke exposure reduction in Latino children: a controlled trial...to reduce passive smoke exposure in low...households with young children. Pediatrics. 2001......
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Natural History and Familial Relationships of Infant Spilling to 9 Years of Age
A. James Martin, Nicole Pratt, J. Declan Kennedy, Philip Ryan, Richard E. Ruffin, Helen Miles, and John MarleyNatural History and Familial Relationships of Infant Spilling to 9 Years of AgePediatrics, Jun 2002; 109: 1061 - 1067. ......Medicine, Womens and Childrens Hospital, Kermode...environmental tobacco smoke exposure were...disease. children gastroesophageal...environmental tobacco smoke RR, relative...esophagitis in children, 23 and it is known that tobacco smoke induces lower......
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A Smoking Cessation Intervention for Parents of Children Who Are Hospitalized for Respiratory Illness: The Stop Tobacco Outreach Program
Jonathan P. Winickoff, Valerie J. Hillis, Judith S. Palfrey, James M. Perrin, and Nancy A. RigottiA Smoking Cessation Intervention for Parents of Children Who Are Hospitalized for Respiratory Illness: The Stop Tobacco Outreach ProgramPediatrics, Jan 2003; 111: 140 - 145. ......Reduction of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in asthmatic children. A 2-year follow-up. Chest. 1997...randomized trial to reduce passive smoke exposure in low-income households with young children. Pediatrics. 2001; 108: 18-24......
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Child Health Care Clinicians' Use of Medications to Help Parents Quit Smoking: A National Parent Survey
Jonathan P. Winickoff, Susanne E. Tanski, Robert C. McMillen, Jonathan D. Klein, Nancy A. Rigotti, and Michael WeitzmanChild Health Care Clinicians' Use of Medications to Help Parents Quit Smoking: A National Parent SurveyPediatrics, Apr 2005; 115: 1013 - 1017. ......secondhand smoke environmental...Each year, 5000 children die as a result...Environmental tobacco smoke and smoking cessation...for parents of children who are hospitalized...protect their children from environmental tobacco-smoke exposure in the......
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Intervening to Reduce Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Infants
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR:James E. Haddow, Glenn E. Palomaki, George J. Knight, Josephine Williams, and Barbara A. ChilmonczykIntervening to Reduce Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in InfantsPediatrics, Sep 1996; 98: 513. ......documented that mothers who smoke are the largest single...behavior in mothers and smoke exposure in infants. Even...environ-mental tobacco smoke exposure during infancy...lower socioeconomic level children. One may inter-pret the......
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Feeding and Urine Cotinine Values in Babies Whose Mothers Smoke
Michel Labrecque, Sylvie Marcoux, Jean-Philippe Weber, Jacqueline Fabia, and Liliane FerronFeeding and Urine Cotinine Values in Babies Whose Mothers SmokePediatrics, Jan 1989; 83: 93 - 97. ......environmental exposure to tobacco smoke, they could also ingest...in infants whose mothers smoke and to assess whether these...invol-untary exposure to tobacco smoke. Restrictions on smoking...protect nonsmokers. However, children whose Received for publication......
Susan N. Brim, Rose A. Rudd, Renee H. Funk, and David B. CallahanAsthma Prevalence Among US Children in Underrepresented Minority Populations: American Indian/Alaska Native, Chinese, Filipino, and Asian IndianPediatrics, Jul 2008; 122: e217 - e222. ......burden of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on the respiratory health of children 2 months through 5 years of age...related to environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children in the United States. Arch Pediatr......
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Visual, Cognitive, and Language Assessments at 39 Months: A Follow-up Study of Children Fed Formulas Containing Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to 1 Year of Age
ELECTRONIC ARTICLE:Nancy Auestad, David T. Scott, Jeri S. Janowsky, Cynthia Jacobsen, Robin E. Carroll, Michael B. Montalto, Robin Halter, Wenzi Qiu, Joan R. Jacobs, William E. Connor, Sonja L. Connor, James A. Taylor, Martha Neuringer, Kathleen M. Fitzgerald, and Robert T. HallVisual, Cognitive, and Language Assessments at 39 Months: A Follow-up Study of Children Fed Formulas Containing Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to 1 Year of AgePediatrics, Sep 2003; 112: e177 - e183. ......development in breastfed children, and recognition...exposure to cigarette smoke and IQ and early...exposure to cigarette smoke and IQ and early...achievement among the children in this follow-up...polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with phenylketonuria......
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Do Obese Inner-City Children With Asthma Have More Symptoms Than Nonobese Children With Asthma?
Peter F. Belamarich, Elisabeth Luder, Meyer Kattan, Herman Mitchell, Shaheen Islam, Henry Lynn, and Ellen F. CrainDo Obese Inner-City Children With Asthma Have More Symptoms Than Nonobese Children With Asthma?Pediatrics, Dec 2000; 106: 1436 - 1441. ......hundred twenty-two children aged 4 to 9 years...family income, passive smoke exposure, caretakers...nonobese (n = 1073) children did not differ in...family income, passive smoke exposure, caretaker's...allergens. Obese children were more often Latino......
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From Concept to Application: The Impact of a Community-Wide Intervention to Improve the Delivery of Preventive Services to Children
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SHOULD OUR CHILDREN PAY FOR THE CIGARETTE COMMERCIALS?
COMMENTARY:SAMUEL M. WISHIKSHOULD OUR CHILDREN PAY FOR THE CIGARETTE COMMERCIALS?Pediatrics, Apr 1963; 31: 535 - 537. ......Commentary SHOULD OUR CHILDREN PAY FOR THE CIGARETTE...persons starting to smoke early in life. An...THINK before you smoke-CIGARETTES can cause...build in the minds of children the concept that ciga-rette...char-acter not to smoke. Any young fool can......
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Examination of State Regulations Regarding Infants and Sleep in Licensed Child Care Centers and Family Child Care Settings
Rachel Y. Moon, Wendy M. Biliter, and Sarah E. CroskellExamination of State Regulations Regarding Infants and Sleep in Licensed Child Care Centers and Family Child Care SettingsPediatrics, May 2001; 107: 1029 - 1036. ......Adolescent Medicine, Childrens National Medical...Adolescent Medicine, Childrens National Medical...infant sleeping, smoke exposure, soft bedding...Division of Family and Children: Rule 1.3 Class...infant sleeping, smoke exposure, soft bedding......
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Olfactory Disorder in Children With 22q11 Deletion Syndrome
Christina Sobin, Karen Kiley-Brabeck, Kathryn Dale, Samantha H. Monk, Jananne Khuri, and Maria KarayiorgouOlfactory Disorder in Children With 22q11 Deletion SyndromePediatrics, Sep 2006; 118: e697 - e703. ......Olfactory Disorder in Children With 22q11 Deletion Syndrome...associated with fumes and smoke. CONCLUSIONS. Odor detection...Doty RL. Odor perception in children in relation to nasal obstruction...Olfactory evaluation in children: application to the CHARGE......
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Parental Smoking Increases Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children
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Statewide Quality Improvement Outreach Improves Preventive Services for Young Children
Judith S. Shaw, Richard C. Wasserman, Sara Barry, Thomas Delaney, Paula Duncan, Wendy Davis, and Patricia BerryStatewide Quality Improvement Outreach Improves Preventive Services for Young ChildrenPediatrics, Oct 2006; 118: e1039 - e1047. ......preventive services for children who are younger than...environmental tobacco smoke-exposure risk assessment...preventive services for children who are younger than...environmental tobacco smoke-exposure risk assessment...preventive services for children who are younger than......
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Medical Homes for At-Risk Children: Parental Reports of Clinician-Parent Relationships, Anticipatory Guidance, and Behavior Changes
Catherine S. Nelson, Susan M. Higman, Calvin Sia, Elizabeth McFarlane, Loretta Fuddy, and Anne K. DugganMedical Homes for At-Risk Children: Parental Reports of Clinician-Parent Relationships, Anticipatory Guidance, and Behavior ChangesPediatrics, Jan 2005; 115: 48 - 56. ......at-risk families when children were 1 year of age...prevention topics (smoke alarms, infant walkers...interviewed when their children were 1 year of age...homes for at-risk children: parental reports...prevention topics (smoke alarms, infant walkers......
Jacqueline Moya, Cynthia F. Bearer, and Ruth A. EtzelChildren’s Behavior and Physiology and How It Affects Exposure to Environmental ContaminantsPediatrics, Apr 2004; 113: 996 - 1006. ......Compared to the Adult Childrens Behavior and Physiology...effect of second-hand smoke, and the greater...between adults and children, research is needed...environmental tobacco smoke. Risk Anal. 1990...Chance WG, Harmsen E. Children are different: environmental......
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Parent Use of Touchscreen Computer Kiosks for Child Health Promotion in Community Settings
Darcy A. Thompson, Paula Lozano, and Dimitri A. ChristakisParent Use of Touchscreen Computer Kiosks for Child Health Promotion in Community SettingsPediatrics, Mar 2007; 119: 427 - 434. ......sought information for children of all ages. Sixty-one...television/media use (16), smoke exposure (14), attention-deficit...assessment (11). At-risk children were identified in...media use (16%), smoke exposure (14%), attention-deficit...assessment (11%). At-risk children were identified in......
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Behavior in Klinefelter Syndrome, or Where There Is Smoke There May Not Be a Fire
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR:MARVIN E. MILLER and STEPHEN SULKESBehavior in Klinefelter Syndrome, or Where There Is Smoke There May Not Be a FirePediatrics, Dec 1990; 86: 1001 - 1002. ......or Where There Is Smoke There May Not Be a...Hecht and Hecht smell smoke but see no fire. They...have found in obese children without breast development...both male and female children and have found it...or Where There Is Smoke There May Not Be a......
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Self-reported Adherence, Management Behavior, and Barriers to Care After an Emergency Department Visit by Inner City Children With Asthma
ELECTRONIC ARTICLE:Frederick E. Leickly, Shari L. Wade, Ellen Crain, Deanna Kruszon-Moran, Elizabeth C. Wright, and Richard Evans IIISelf-reported Adherence, Management Behavior, and Barriers to Care After an Emergency Department Visit by Inner City Children With AsthmaPediatrics, May 1998; 101: e8. ......avoidance of cigarette smoke. The use of preventive...adherence inner city children Asthma morbidity...pipe, and cigar smoke 37.5 Avoid...Keep away from sick children 3.5 Ask...avoidance of cigarette smoke, despite the fact...management in inner city children. With respect to......
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Surgical Management of Chronic Sinusitis in Children
THE UPPER AIRWAY:Stacey Ishman and David TunkelSurgical Management of Chronic Sinusitis in ChildrenPediatrics, Aug 2006; 118: S23 - S24. ......of Chronic Sinusitis in Children Stacey Ishman MD David...the study period (11 of children referred for evaluation...gender, asthma, allergy, smoke exposure, and day care attendance. The children who had adenoidectomy alone......
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Association Between Passive Smoking and Infection With Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Children
Saskia den Boon, Suzanne Verver, Ben J. Marais, Donald A. Enarson, Carl J. Lombard, Eric D. Bateman, Elvis Irusen, Anamika Jithoo, Robert P. Gie, Martien W. Borgdorff, and Nulda BeyersAssociation Between Passive Smoking and Infection With Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ChildrenPediatrics, Apr 2007; 119: 734 - 739. ......M, Bakewell R. Tobacco smoke and the upper airway...Environmental tobacco smoke exposure: prevalence and...causation of infections in children. Pediatrics. 2006; 117...Wachenfeldt K. Cigarette smoke extract modulates respiratory......
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Pediatric Residency Training on Tobacco
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State-of-the-Art Interventions for Office-Based Parental Tobacco Control
SPECIAL ARTICLES:Jonathan P. Winickoff, Anna B. Berkowitz, Katie Brooks, Susanne E. Tanski, Alan Geller, Carey Thomson, Harry A. Lando, Susan Curry, Myra Muramoto, Alexander V. Prokhorov, Dana Best, Michael Weitzman, Lori Pbert for the Tobacco Consortium, Center for Child Health Research of the American Academy of PediatricsState-of-the-Art Interventions for Office-Based Parental Tobacco ControlPediatrics, Mar 2005; 115: 750 - 760. ......to primary care for children. N Engl J Med. 1998...Environmental tobacco smoke: a hazard to children. Pediatrics. 1997...trial to reduce passive smoke exposure in low-income households with young children. Pediatrics. 2001......
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Changes in Prevalence of Asthma and Allergies Among Children and Adolescents in Italy: 1994-2002
Claudia Galassi, Manuela De Sario, Annibale Biggeri, Luigi Bisanti, Elisabetta Chellini, Giovannino Ciccone, Maria Grazia Petronio, Silvano Piffer, Piersante Sestini, Franca Rusconi, Giovanni Viegi, and Francesco ForastiereChanges in Prevalence of Asthma and Allergies Among Children and Adolescents in Italy: 1994–2002Pediatrics, Jan 2006; 117: 34 - 42. ......Asthma and Allergies Among Children and Adolescents in Italy...symptoms of atopic eczema (children: change: 4.4; 95 CI: 3...of exposure to parental smoke. These factors, however...rhinitis eczema children adolescents SIDRIA-Italian......
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REPORT AND INFORMATION : SMOKE AND CHILD HEALTH

2008-12-17T10:30:00.000-08:00

Health Effects Of Secondhand Smoke On Children

source : american for non smokers rights

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

The 2006 U.S. Surgeon General's Report, "The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Secondhand Smoke," has concluded that there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke and that, on average, children are exposed to more secondhand smoke than adults.1 Children are significantly affected by secondhand smoke. Children's bodies are still developing, and exposure to the poisons in secondhand smoke puts them at risk of severe respiratory diseases and can hinder the growth of their lungs. Secondhand smoke is a known cause of low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, middle ear infection, and other diseases. The health effects of secondhand smoke exposure from conception through childhood can last a lifetime.

Low Birth Weight
Secondhand smoke is a known preventable cause of low birth weight, which contributes to infant mortality and health complications into adulthood. Secondhand smoke exposure reduces the birth weight of infants of nonsmoking mothers and contributes to additional reductions in birth weight among babies of smoking mothers.2
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Maternal smoking is the strongest risk factor leading to SIDS.3
Secondhand smoke is a risk factor contributing to SIDS. Infants who die from SIDS tend to have higher concentrations of nicotine in their lungs than do control children, regardless of whether smoking is reported.4
Cognitive Impairments
Secondhand smoke exposure impairs a child's ability to learn. It is neurotoxic even at extremely low levels. More than 21.9 million children are estimated to be at risk of reading deficits because of secondhand smoke. Higher levels of exposure to secondhand smoke are also associated with greater deficits in math and visuospatial reasoning.5
Maternal prenatal smoking contributes to the development of antisocial behavior and attention-deficit hyperactive disorder symptoms in the mother's offspring.6
Respiratory Problems
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reported that secondhand smoke exposure increases the risk of lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. The EPA estimates that between 150,000 and 300,000 annual cases of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children up to 18 months of age are attributable to secondhand smoke exposure. Of these cases, between 7,500 and 15,000 result in hospitalization.7
Infants with mothers who smoke are 50 percent more likely to be hospitalized with a respiratory infection during their first year when compared to infants with nonsmoking mothers. Infants whose mothers smoke in the same room have a 56 percent higher risk of being hospitalized compared to infants whose mothers smoke in a separate room. There is a 73 percent higher risk if mothers smoke while holding their infants and a 95 percent higher risk if mothers smoke while feeding their infants.8
Asthma
Asthma attacks are perhaps the most well-known health effect of secondhand smoke exposure among children. Secondhand smoke exposure increases the frequency of episodes and the severity of symptoms in asthmatic children. The EPA estimates that 200,000 to 1,000,000 asthmatic children have their condition worsened by exposure to secondhand smoke.9
Exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with increased asthma severity and worsened lung function in children with asthma.10
Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with increased respiratory-related school absenteeism among children, especially those with asthma.11
Maternal and grandmaternal smoking may increase the risk of childhood asthma. Relative to children of never-smokers, children whose mothers smoked throughout the pregnancy have an elevated risk of asthma in the first five years of life. Children whose mothers quit smoking prior to the pregnancy show no increased risk.12
Repercussions on Adult Health
Not only does in utero and childhood secondhand smoke exposure cause decreased lung function and asthma in children, but such exposure is also responsible for poor lung function and respiratory disease in adults. Men who report postnatal secondhand smoke exposure and women who report prenatal exposure are more likely to have respiratory problems as adults.13,14

Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure raises adolescents' risk of metabolic syndrome - a disorder associated with excessive belly fat that increases one's chances of heart disease, stroke, and type II diabetes.15
The level of secondhand smoke a child is exposed to is directly proportional to the likelihood of the child becoming a smoker as an adolescent or an adult.16

REFERENCES

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006.
Dejmek, J.; Solansky, I.; Podrazilova, K.; Sram, R., "The exposure of nonsmoking and smoking mothers to environmental tobacco smoke during different gestational phases and fetal growth," Environmental Health Perspectives 110(6): 601-606, June 2002.
Woodward, A. and Laugesen M., "How many deaths are caused by secondhand cigarette smoke?" Tobacco Control, 10: 383 - 388, December 2001.
McMartin, K.I.; Platt, M.S.; Hackman, R.; Klein, J.; Smialek, J.E.; Vigorito, R.; Koren, G., "Lung tissue concentrations of nicotine in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)," Journal of Pediatrics 140(2): 205-209, February 2002.
Yolton, K. et al., "Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Cognitive Abilities of U.S. Children and Adolescents," Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(1): 98-103.
Button, T.M.M.; Thapar, A.; and McGuffin, P., "Relationship between antisocial behavior, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal prenatal smoking," British Journal of Psychiatry (2005), 187, 155-160.
[n.a.], "Fact Sheet: Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 2004.
Blizzard, L.; Ponsonby, A.; Dwyer, T.; Venn, A.; Cochrane, J.A., "Parental smoking and infant respiratory infection: how important is not smoking in the same room with the baby?" American Journal of Public Health 93(3): 482-488, March 2003.
[n.a.], "Fact Sheet: Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking," Environmental Protection Agency, April 2004.
Mannino, D.M.; Homa, D.M.; Redd, S.C., "Involuntary smoking and asthma severity in children: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey," CHEST 122(2): 409-415, August 2002.
Gilliland, F.D.; Berhane, K.; Islam, T.; Wenten, M.; Rappaport,E.; Avol, E.; Gauderman, W.J.; McConnell, R.; Peters, J.M., "Environmental tobacco smoke and absenteeism related to respiratory illness in schoolchildren," American Journal of Epidemiology 157(1): 861-869, May 15, 2003.
Yu-Fhen, Li. et al., "Maternal and Grandmaternal Smoking Pattern Are Associated With Early Childhood Asthma," Chest, 127(4): 1232, 2005.
Svanes, C.; Omenaas, E.; Jarvis, D.; Chinn, S.; Gulsvik, A.; Burney, P., "Parental smoking in childhood and adult obstructive lung disease: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey," Thorax 59(4): 295-302, April 1, 2004.
Skorge, T.D., et. al., "The Adult Incidence of Asthma and Respiratory Symptoms by Passive Smoking In Utero or in Childhood," American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 172, pp. 61-66, April 2005. Abstract available at http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/172/1/61?etoc. Accessed on July 27, 2005.
Weitzman, M., et. al, "Tobacco Smoke Exposure Is Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents," Circulation 2005, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.520650. Abstract available at http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.520650v1. Downloaded on August 3, 2005.
Becklake, M.R.,; Ghezzo, H.; Ernst, P., "Childhood predictors of smoking in adolescence: a follow-up study of Montreal schoolchildren," CMAJ 173(4): 377-379, August 16, 2005. Available at http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/173/4/377.
Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights

SECONDHAND SMOKE FACT SHEET

2008-12-17T10:26:00.000-08:00

Secondhand Smoke and Children Fact Sheet

SOURCE : AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

September 2008
Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. Secondhand smoke contains more than 250 chemicals known to be toxic or cancer causing, including formaldehyde, benzene, vinyl chloride, arsenic, ammonia, and hydrogen cyanide.1
Infants and young children are especially susceptible: their lungs are still developing and childhood exposure to secondhand smoke results in decreased lung function. Children who breathe secondhand smoke are more likely to suffer from cough, wheeze, phlegm and breathlessness.2
In children, exposure to secondhand smoke causes over 202,000 asthma episodes in children with asthma.3
The current Surgeon Generals Report states that there is no risk-free level of secondhand smoke exposure. Even brief exposures can be harmful to children.4
Infants and children suffer additional acute lower respiratory tract infections, such as pneumonia and bronchitis, due to secondhand smoke exposure.5
Of children 3 to 11 years of age, almost 60 percent, or 22 million, are exposed to secondhand smoke. Almost 25 percent live with at least one smoker, compared to 7 percent of nonsmoking adults.6
Secondhand smoke exposure causes buildup of fluid in the middle ear, resulting in 790,000 visits to health care providers. Middle ear infections are the most common cause of childhood operations and of childhood hearing loss.7
A California EPA study 430 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths are annually associated with secondhand smoke exposure.8
Babies whose mothers smoke while pregnant or who are exposed to secondhand smoke after birth have weaker lungs than other babies, which increases the risk of many other health problems.9
Babies are 20 percent more likely to be born low-birth weight if their mother was exposed to secondhand smoke during the pregnancy.10
For more information on smoking, please review the Trends in Tobacco Use report and Lung Disease Data in the Data and Statistics section of our website at http://www.lungusa.org/site/c.dvLUK9O0E/b.22542/k.CA6A/Home.htmwww.lungusa.org, or call the American Lung Association at 1-800-LUNG-USA (1-800-586-4872).

Sources:

U.S Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke. A Report of the Surgeon General, 2006. Children are Hurt by Secondhand Smoke Factsheet. January 4, 2007. Accessed on July 30, 2008.
Ibid.
California Environmental Protection Agency. Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Executive Summary. June 2005.
U.S Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke. A Report of the Surgeon General, 2006. Children are Hurt by Secondhand Smoke Factsheet. January 4, 2007. Accessed on July 30, 2008.
Ibid.
U.S Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke. A Report of the Surgeon General, 2006. Secondhand Smoke Exposure in the Home Factsheet. January 4, 2007. Accessed on August 28, 2008.
California Environmental Protection Agency. Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Executive Summary. June 2005.
Ibid.
U.S Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke. A Report of the Surgeon General, 2006. Children are Hurt by Secondhand Smoke Factsheet. January 4, 2007. Accessed on July 30, 2008.
U.S Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Preveniton. Preventing Smoking and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Before, During and After Pregnancy. July 2007. Accessed on September 18, 2008.

NEWS : SMOKE AND CHILDREN

2008-12-17T10:22:00.000-08:00

Masih Banyak Anak Terancam Rokok
.

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO SpA

sumber : kompas, Selasa, 12/8/2008 20:30 WIB

JAKARTA, SELASA - Industri rokok di Indonesia kini makin menjerat anak-anak dan remaja melalui berbagai strategi marketing seperti iklan, promosi, sponsorship, point of sales hingga Corporate Social Responsibility yang mereka lakukan.
Komisi Nasional Perlindungan Anak menyatakan bahwa iklan, promosi dan sponsorship rokok mengancam hak hidup anak. Oleh karena itu iklan, promosi dan sponsorship rokok harus dilarang, kata Ketua Umum Komisi Nasional Perlindungan Anak Seto Mulyadi saat audiensi ke Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) di Jakarta, Selasa (12/8).
Komnas Perlindungan Anak diterima oleh Ketua MUI H. Amidhan, H.Nazri Adlani (Ketua), KH. Khalil Ridwan, Dr. Yunahar Ilyas, Prof. Amir Syarifuddin, Prof. Dr. Hj. khuzaerah, Dr. Anuar Abbas (Sekretaris), Dra. Hj. Wedya Safitri (Sekretaris).
Selain itu, Komnas Perlindungan Anak juga mendorong peran serta masyarakat, dalam hal ini MUI untuk segera mengeluarkan fatwa MUI yang menyatakan jika tembakau atau rokok adalah haram untuk melindungi anak-anak Indonesia dari dampak yang lebih buruk lagi.
Industri rokok mengeluarkan dana hampir Rp 1,6 trilyun untuk menjual rokok produksi mereka lewat iklan, promosi dan sponsorship. Ini tidak sebanding dengan pengeluaran negara untuk memberi layanan kesehatan bagi masyarakat akibat merokok melalui program Askeskin yakni Rp 167 trilyun pada tahun 2005.
Berdasarkan hasil pantauan Komnas Perlindungan Anak, iklan yang disponsori perusahaan rokok telah berada dimana-mana. Iklan itu masuk pada wilayah-wilayah perlintasan yang dilalui oleh anak-anak.
Hal ini terpapar dalam hasil penelitian Keterpajanan remaja terhadap iklan dan kegiatan yang disponsori industri rokok , meliputi 99,7 persen remaja melihat iklan rokok di televisi, 87,7 persen remaja melihat iklan rokok di media luar rua ng, 76,2 persen remaja melihat iklan rokok di koran dan majalah, 81 persen remaja pernah mengikuti kegiatan yang disponsori industri rokok.
Menanggapi hal itu, MUI meminta komnas Perlindungan Anak untuk membuat MoU (kesepahaman) antara MUI dan Komnas Anak yang mengatur tentang perlunya tindakan perlindungan bagi anak dari bahaya tembakau atau rokok.
Berdasarkan kesepahaman tersebut, MUI akan membahas urgensi adanya Fatwa MUI yang menyatakan jika tembakau/rokok adalah haram dalam Ijtima' (Kongres Nasional MUI) yang direncanakan akan dilangsungkan pada akhir tahun ini.
MUI mendorong dan mendukung lembaga-lembaga terkait lainnya agar bisa melakukan hal serupa sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab masyarakat terhadap upaya perlindungan anak (khususnya perlindungan anak dari bahaya dampak tembakau/rokok).

NEWS : SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE

2008-12-17T10:12:00.000-08:00

Anak Kena Asap Rokok Rentan Penyakit

Sumber : kompas, Rabu, 28 Mei 2008 12:37 WIB

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

BAHAYA asap rokok memang tidak terbantahkan lagi bagi kesehatan. Ancaman bukan hanya berlaku buat si perokok, tapi juga orang-orang di sekitarnya yang ikut menghirup asap rokok yang dikenal istilah second hand smoke (SHS) atau perokok pasif. Yang lebih mencemaskan, asap rokok juga ternyata menyebabkan ancaman kerugian lebih besar kepada anak-anak. Menurut hasil sebuah penelitian terbaru para ilmuan dari Universitas Hongkong, bayi dan anak-anak yang akrab bersama asap rokok menjadi rentan terhadap berbagai macam infeksi dan penyakit serius.Laporan riset yang dimuat dalam website Tobacco Control (http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com) itu menyebutkan bahwa bayi dan anak-anak yang berada di lingkungan perokok tercatat 50 persen lebih sering berobat ke rumah sakit akibat penyakit infeksi. Riset itu juga menyatakan, satu dari tiga anak yang berjarak sekitar tiga meter dari asap rokok pada awal masa-masa hidupnya kerap harus menjalani perawatan di rumah sakit. Dalam risetnya, para peneliti melibatkan 7,402 anak-anak di Hong Kong yang lahir antara April hingga May 1997. Para peneliti mengikuti perkembangan anak ini sejak lahir hingga usia 8 tahun.Catatan penting lainnya dari riset ini adalah dampak asap rokok ternyata lebih berbahaya bagi anak-anak yang dilahirkan dengan berat badan kurang dari normal. Anak-anak perokok pasif juga 75 persen lebih sering menjalani pengobatan penyakit seperti gangguan pernafasan dan meningitis.Penulis riset, dari Universitas Hong Kong mengindikasikan mengihirup asap rokok atau menjadi perokok pasif membuat kekebalan tubuh menjadi lemah dan memicu timbulny penyakit pernafasan. "Risiko tambahan dari morbiditas yang parah dari gangguan pernafasan serta infeksi lainnya pada bayi yang terpapar asap rokok, sebagaimana halnya adanya kontak langsung asap rokok dengan saluran pernafasan, juga berdampak pada sistem kekebalan," peneliti menyimpulkan.

NEWS : SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE

2008-12-17T10:03:00.000-08:00

Anak Merokok karena Iklan Rokok

sumber : kompas,Rabu, 16 April 2008 12:01 WIB

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO
SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

JAKARTA,RABU - Iklan rokok dianggap sebagai kendala utama dalam pencegahan dampak bahaya rokok terhadap anak-anak. Penelitian Komnas Perlindungan Anak tahun 2007 menunjukkan bahwa 91,7% remaja berusia 13-15 tahun di DKI Jakarta merokok karena didorong oleh pengaruh iklan.
"Mereka umumnya terdorong untuk merokok melalui iklan, lewat billboard, seni, pendekatan keagamaan, olahraga, orang qasidah-an aja ada yang disponsori oleh rokok," ujar Sekretaris Jenderal Komnas Perlindungan Anak Aris Merdeka Sirait di sela-sela Round Table Discussion Perlindungan Anak terhadap Bahaya Rokok di Jakarta, Rabu (16/4).
Aris menyebutkan bahwa Komnas Perlindungan Anak sama sekali tidak melarang keberadaan industri rokok di Indonesia, tapi masalahnya, anak-anak sudah menjadi korban karena iklan rokok. "Jadi nggak ada alasan bahwa iklan itu mau guyon atau mau apa gitu. Yang jelas kita akan melakukan judicial review terhadap PP No.19/2003 tentang perizinan pembatasan iklan rokok yang tidak ada sanksi hukumnya," ujar Aris.
Seperti yang dikatakan Menkes sebelumnya bahwa upaya perlindungan ini selalu tersandung oleh polemik antara dampak bahaya rokok baik kepada orang dewasa maupun anak-anak dan besarnya pemasukan negara yang diperoleh dari cukai rokok, Aris menganggap satu-satunya solusi adalah membatasi iklan rokok.
"Ini soal kemauan politik negara aja. Pengaturannya adalah tidak ada iklan sama sekali tentang rokok. Di Eropa sama sekali tidak ada iklan rokok di jalan. Di Indonesia, di jalan tol aja ada. Karena tidak ada aturan. Kalaupun itu dibuat tidak ada sanksi hukum, itu diakui kan oleh ibu Menkes," tambahnya.
Berkaitan dengan usaha induustri rokok yang semakin gencar mengembalikan citra positif di dalam masyarakat dengan menonjolkan tanggung jawab sosial, Aris mengharapkan Menkes serius dalam upaya mendorong ratifikasi terhadap PP yang mengatur soal perizinan iklan rokok tersebut dan Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC). Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) Indonesia pada tahun 2006 melaporkan lebih dari 37,3% pelajar biasa merokok dan tiga diantara sepuluh pelajar Indonesia menyatakan pertama kali merokok pada umur di bawah 10 tahun.

Anak Indonesia Perang Terhadap Rokok

sumber : Kompas, Jumat, 30 Mei 2008 18:26 WIB

JAKARTA, JUMAT -

Menjelang Hari Tanpa Tembakau Sedunia 2008 yang jatuh pada tanggal 31 Mei besok, puluhan anak telah menggelar Forum Anak Bebas Tembakau pada tanggal 28-30 Mei. Dari forum ini, anak-anak Indonesia berhasil menelurkan Suara Anak Indonesia sebagai wujud penolakan mereka terhadap rokok. Suara Anak Indonesia ini akan diserukan dalam aksi esok hari di Bundaran HI pada pukul 09.00 WIB yang meminta pemerintah dan segenap masyarakat untuk melarang segala bentuk iklan, promosi dan sponsor rokok, melindungi anak-anak dari asap rokok dan menaikkan harga rokok dan melarang penjualan rokok secara eceran. Ketua Komisi Nasional (Komnas) Perlindungan Anak (PA) Seto Mulyadi mengatakan bahwa Komnas mendukung tiga poin yang sudah dirumuskan oleh anak-anak tersebut. "Secara statistik, rokok memang betul-betul membahayakan kesehatan, kami sangat mendukung keputusan adik-adik," ujar pria yang biasa dipanggil Kak Seto ini di Jakarta, (30/5). Melalui momen ini, Komnas PA dan anak-anak menyatakan sikap perang terhadap rokok, iklan, promosi, dan sponsorship karena mengurangi hak hidup anak dan menghambat hak tumbuh kembang anak. Secara khusus, wakil ketua Komnas PA, Muhammad Joni, mengatakan bahwa Komnas PA juga mendesak pemerintah untuk segera meratifikasi Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC) yang melindungi kesehatan masyarakat dari bahaya rokok. "Di Asia Tenggara, cuma Indonesia yang belum meratifikasi," tandas Joni. Sebagai perbandingan, Joni juga menyebutkan bahwa negara yang sudah meratifikasi akan melarang dengan tegas (total band) terhadap segala bentuk iklan, promosi dan sponsorship rokok baik cetak, audio-visual maupun billboard. Selain itu, mereka memperhatikan baik-baik tata cara penjualan rokok, seperti melarang penjualan rokok secara batangan atau eceran, dan menempatkan rokok yang dijual di etalase yang tidak mudah terjangkau anak-anak.

free download children and Smoke Resources on the Internet -

2008-12-11T16:45:00.000-08:00

Searching for Information

Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke

National Cancer InstituteAn excellent technical report, Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: The Report of the California Environmental Protection Agency. Downloading the whole report will require a great deal of time. The "Executive Summary," however, is very useful and manageable.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Tobacco Information and Tobacco Source Surgeon General's reports (SGRs), including the section of SGR 2000 on Clean Indoor Air Regulations; "Clean Indoor Air Regulations Fact Sheet"; new citations of articles on smoking and health; links to tobacco industry documents; media campaign resource center; and searching information. A very useful site for consumer and technical information.
World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Free Initiative Click on "Secondhand Smoke." An excellent series of technical background papers on the effects of secondhand smoke on child health, tobacco interference in secondhand smoke research, and other topics. They are lengthy and require time to download and print.
Federal Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Tobacco Smoke Home PageGateway to the EPA's Smoke Free Home materials, some available in Spanish and English; links to other information on secondhand smoke and children, asthma and other indoor air pollutants. Provides a search engine for EPA publications.
9th Report on Carcinogens Prepared by the National Toxicology Program, this list includes Group A (known human) and Group B (reasonably anticipated to be) human carcinogens. It includes both environmental tobacco smoke and several of the compounds found in it. Citing this source may be useful because of the pall cast on the EPA report that classified smoke as a Group A carcinogen.
National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental ChemicalsThis report provides an ongoing assessment of the U.S. population’s exposure to environmental chemicals by measuring them or their metabolites in human specimens, such as blood or urine. It shows that exposure to secondhand smoke has been drastically reduced in the past decade.
Making Your Workplace Smokefree: A Decision Maker’s Guide A step-by-step guide on implementing a smoke-free policy. Although it is a bit long, it is comprehensive.
Cigarette AdditivesAlthough most of the toxins in secondhand smoke are products of the combustion of tobacco, this list is included because any additives affect the composition of secondhand smoke.
Repace and Associates Fact sheets on secondhand smoke, secondhand smoke and cardiovascular disease, restaurants laws, and lessons from California prepared by James Repace, who has published 50 scientific papers on ETS.
American Cancer Society Tobacco SiteType in "secondhand smoke" in the search box and you will have access to a large selection of literature, ranging from smoke-free college policies to "Clean Air for Every Worker" to radon and secondhand smoke.
American Lung AssociationType in "secondhand smoke" in the search box, and you will have access to over 2500 articles on the subject. Type your zip code into the local search box and you will connect with the web site of the American Lung Association of Minnesota.

Ventilation

"Can Ventilation Control Secondhand Smoke in the Hospitality Industry?"Analysis by James Repace of Proceedings of the Workshop on Ventilation Engineering Controls for Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Hospitality Industry. It concludes that one cannot protect patrons or workers from secondhand smoke in hospitality venues without "massively impractical increases in ventilation." Although this report is fairly technical, it provides sound arguments against the hospitality industry's attempts to establish ventilation as a practical substitute for ordinances. Provides links to other reports on tobacco control in California.
Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights (Ventilation)Entry point for useful articles on ventilation and other clean indoor air topics. Click on "Secondhand Smoke."
State Tobacco Control Sites Return to top
State of California Tobacco Control SectionReports, including "A Model for Change: The California Experience in Tobacco," a study of California's comprehensive program; press releases, for example, "Support for Smoke-Free Bars Grows Stronger in California"; and the "Response of Californians to Environmental Tobacco Smoke," a summary of changing opinions of Californians.
Oregon Health Division's Tobacco Prevention and Education Information Central: Secondhand SmokeClick on "The Science," "Studies", and "Secondhand smoke" to gain access to abstracts to key articles on topics such as studies on ischemic heart disease and secondhand smoke and to some other publications. Click on "The Secrets," and you can link to excerpts from important tobacco documents and to the documents themselves. These show, for example, how the tobacco industry has fought to prevent passage of clean indoor air.
Canadian Health NetworkClick on "Secondhand Smoke in the Workplace" for access to several articles on this topic.
Keeping Up to Date Return to top
Tobacco BBSAbstracts of articles from newspapers and journals around the nation and abroad with links to the originals. A convenient format allows you to subscribe to daily e-mails on select items of interest, for example, smoke-free policies, secondhand smoke, and lawsuits.

Search CDC Web siteHere you can search for a variety of tobacco control topics and find everything from technical reports to consumer information and health promotion materials.
PubMedThe National Library of Medicine's search service. Provides access to over 11 million citations in a database in which medical and certain other scientific journals are indexed. For example, you can get the citations for 11 articles by Stan Glantz on secondhand smoke by entering the following phrase in the search box: "environmental tobacco smoke AND Glantz SA." From the citation, you can access abstracts for most articles. Sometimes the abstract will link you to the web site of the journal in which the article was published. Although a few journal articles are free, there is often a charge for them.
State of Minnesota Web site Search Allows you to search by keyword for all the relevant information for the State of Minnesota. It will help you find the chapter number of a statute, for example, or information on the tobacco endowments.
Nonsmokers' Rights and Other Advocacy Groups
Association for Nonsmokers-Minnesota (ANSR)Information on workplace smoking policies, secondhand smoke in apartments, teens and tobacco, and the Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act, and links to other sites. It also features the only statewide directory of smoke-free restaurants and allows users to submit names of those not on the list
Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights (ANR)The web site of ANR, a national group, is a very useful advocacy tool, providing, for example , "Economic Impact of Smoke-free Ordinances: What Restaurateurs and the Tobacco Industry Have to Say."
Minnesota Smoke Free CoalitionClick on "Secondhand Smoke" to gain access to health information and clean indoor air initiatives, especially in Minnesota. An invaluable site for Minnesota tobacco control.
TobaccoScamA site established by tobacco activist and academic Stan Glantz, this site shows how Big Tobacco uses and abuses the hospitality industry.
Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act and Other Minnesota Statutes
Minnesota "Smokers’ Rights Act" "Smokers' Rights Act" (Sections 181.938), which prohibits discrimination against smokers in many circumstances.
Smoking in Hotels, Motels, and Similar EstablishmentsThe statute that governs smoking in nonsmoking rooms in hotels, motels, and similar places.
Smoking in Minnesota State Government BuildingsThe statute prohibiting smoking in state buildings.
Fact Sheets on the Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act (MCIAA) and Copies of the Statute and RulesText of statute and rules as well as Minnesota Department of Health fact sheets on meeting the requirements of the MCIAA. They cover the minimal requirements for public schools, rental apartment buildings, office buildings and industrial workplaces, restaurants and bars, and leased office buildings.

Anti-Tobacco Control Sites

ForceS (Fight Ordinances and Restrictions to Control and Eliminate Smoking) InternationalThis is an organization standing "against junk science and misinformation on tobacco, against the industry of hysteria and health scares, against state intrusion in business and lifestyle" and for "defending the taxpaying consumer's rights." It offers insight into how those opposed to tobacco control think.
Minnesota ForceSThis site has information specific to Minnesota (criticisms of MPAAT, for example). Check it out for the latest tirades against tobacco control projects, including restaurant ordinances.
Hospitality Minnesota Hospitality Minnesota is a trade association serving operators and suppliers of Minnesota's restaurants, hotels, motels, resorts, campgrounds, and B&Bs. Check "Issue Briefs" for the association's position on smoke-free restaurant ordinances.

Article databases
Use the databases under Health and Wellness Management, such as:
Health and Wellness Resource Center,
Health Education Assets Library,
Health Reference Center Academic and
Health Source: Consumer Edition

Internet resources
The Foundation for a Smokefree America http://www.anti-smoking.org/
Tobacco.org http://www.tobacco.org/
American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=33484
American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/SPC/spc_0.1.asp
Giving Up Smoking http://www.givingupsmoking.co.uk/

Local Smoking Cessation Resources
Student Health Center at Auraria http://www.mscd.edu/student/resources/health/advocates/Tobacco.htm
Colorado QuitLine http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/pp/tobacco/quitline.asp
Take a quiz to learn about the reasons you smoke
Familydoctor.org http://familydoctor.org/296.xml
Online guide to quitting http://www.smokefree.gov/guide/nicotine_addiction.asp

Get some help in deciding if you want to quit
Smoking: steps to help you break the habit http://familydoctor.org/618.xml
Benefits of quitting http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=33568
Online guide to quitting http://www.smokefree.gov/quit-smoking/reasons_for_quitting.html

Get some ideas about what to do when you decide to quit
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco
http://kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/tobacco/quit_smoking.html
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ped/content/ped_10_13x_quitting_smoking.asp?sitearea=ped
http://familydoctor.org/161.xml
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/stop-smoking-products/HA00065

Special concerns for women who smoke
http://www.4woman.gov/quitsmoking/
http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=33573
http://www.cdc.gov/women/az/smoking.htm
http://www.drugabuse.gov/NIDA_notes/NNvol19N4/Smoking.html

How to help a smoker quit
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_3x_Help_Someone_Quit.asp?sitearea=PED

OTHERS SOURCES

Independence From Smoking: For Teens
US Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health

Directed toward teens; describes facts about teens and tobacco use and provides links to additional information on quitting smoking for youth.

Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids
National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids

Nongovernment site that includes information on initiatives, youth action, events, tobacco advertisements, tobacco news, special reports, and an interactive tool of tobacco use by state.

Child and Teen Tobacco Use
American Cancer Society

Includes information on tobacco use among middle and high school students and a special section on clove cigarettes and bidis.

Women's Health: Smoking and Tobacco
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tobacco Information and Prevention Source

Information on smoking prevalence in women, special health risks for women, and smoking cessation.
How Can I Quit Smoking?
Nemours Foundation

Part of a health education website for teens, this section offers tobacco cessation advices aimed at teens.
Information About Smoking: A Guide for Teens
Center for Young Women's Health, Children's Hospital, Boston

Information on smoking prevalence in women, special health risks for women, and smoking cessation.
I Quit! What to Do When You're Sick of Smoking, Chewing, or Dipping
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

A printable booklet targeting a teen audience.
Kick Butts Day
National Center for Tobacco Free Kids

Subtitled Stand up. Speak Up. Seize Control. The annual celebration of youth leadership and activism among kids against tobacco.
The Truth About Tobacco
The Foundation for a Smokefree America

Patrick Reynolds, the grandson of R.J. Reynolds (founder of the second-largest tobacco company), gives an anti-smoking talk.
Not-On-Tobacco
American Lung Association

A smoking cessation program for teens. Recently, N-O-T was recognized by the National Registry of Effective Programs, and SAMSHA is currently processing it as a Model Program.
Smoking Is Ugly
Christy Turlington and Brink Media

A resource for anyone who wants to quit smoking, learn about lung cancer, and educate themselves and others.
Tips4Youth
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

A collection of a variety of resources on tobacco for youth, ranging from links to printable posters, quizzes, tip sheets, celebrity websites, video information, access to quit support information, and other cool sites.
Tobacco Reality Unfiltered
NC Health and Wellness Trust Fund Commission

North Carolina campaign designed to reduce teen smoking. En espanol viene pronto.
Tobacco-Free Kids: Youth Action
Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids

Subtitled Progressive Youth Advocacy Tactics to Fight Big Tobacco. A resource for those who want to take action.
You(th) and Tobacco
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

What teens and parents should know about tobacco.
For Health Professionals:
How to Fight Teen Smoking
American Cancer Society

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

"SAVE CHILD FROM SMOKE"
Office : Jl Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Bendungan Hilir Jakarta Indonesia 10210
phone : (021) 5703646 – 70081995
email : savechildfromsmokers@yahoo.com
http://savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

CURRICULUM VITAE WIDODO JUDARWANTO MD

2008-12-11T16:34:00.000-08:00

CURRICULUM VITAE DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO.....click in here........http://alergianak.blogspot.com/search/label/x.CURRICULUM%20VITAE%20WIDODO%20JUDARWANTO%20MD

SMOKE AND CHILDREN

LINK INTERNAL WITH SAVE CHILD FROM SMOKE

2008-12-11T16:29:00.000-08:00

INTERNAL LINKS SUPPORT :

CHILDREN’S MEDICAL SERVICES :

ALLERGY ASTHMA CLINIC (KLINIK KHUSUS ALERGI DAN ASMA) www.alergianak.blogspot.com/
COMPREHENSIVE FOOD ALLERGY CLINIC www.alergianak.blogspot.com/
PICKY EATERS CLINIC (KLINIK KHUSUS KESULITAN MAKAN PADA ANAK) www.pickyeatersclinic.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN MOTORIC DEVELOPMENT CLINIC (KLINIK KHUSUS GANGGUAN KETERLAMBATAN MOTORIK PADA ANAK) www.motoricdevelopmentclinic.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN’S BEHAVIOUR CLINIC (KLINIK KHUSUS GANGGUAN PERKEMBANGAN DAN PERILAKU DENGAN INTERVEN’S BIOMEDIS) www.dietbehaviour.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN’S PSHICOLOGY CLINIC (KLINIK KHUSUS PSIKOLOGI ANAK) www.childrenpsychologyclinic.blogspot.com/

CHILDREN'S INFORMATION ONLINE CLINIC :

CHILDREN'S FOOT CLINIC www.motoricdevelopmentclinic.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN'S IMUNIZATION CLINIC www.imunisasianakku.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN ANTIBIOTIC CLINIC www.antibiotikaanakku.blogspot.com/
PREMATURE BABY CLINIC www.pretermclinic.blogspot.com/
ADOLESCENT CLINIC www.schoolagehealth.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN'S BOTTLE MILK CLINIC http://susubotol.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN'S SLEEP CLINIC www.speechandchildren.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN SPEECH CLINIC www.speechandchildren.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN'S FEVER CLINIC www.nakdemam.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN'S CELIAC CLINIC www.prudentdiet.blogspot.com/
NEWBORN INFANT CLINIC www.bayibarulahir.blogspot.com/
LEARNING DISORDER CLINIC www.sulitbelajar.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN'S TUBERKULOSIS CLINIC www.overdiagnosistbc.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN'S IMMUNOLOGY CLINIC www.immunologydisease.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN’S AUTISM CLINIC www.autismanak.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN'S NUTRITION CLINIC www.feedinginchildren.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN'S HYPERACTIVITY CLINIC www.anakhiperaktif.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN’S GIFTED TALENTED CLINIC www.gifted-talented.blogspot.com/
REHABILITATION MEDICINE FOR CHILDREN, ADOLESCENCE AND WOMEN www.childrenrehab.blogspot.com/
SMART KID CLINIC www.anakindonesiacerdas.blogspot.com/

myspace layout

SPECIAL SUPPORTS FOR CHILDREN

SAVE CHILD FROM SMOKE www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/
INDONESIAN CHILD'S RIGHTS www.indonesianchildsrights.blogspot.com/
INDONESIAN LACTATION SUPPORT www.breastfeedingproblem.blogspot.com/
STOP AIDS IN INDONESIAN CHILDRENS www.aidshivchildren.blogspot.com/
POEMS FOR CHILDREN www.poemchildren.blogspot.com/
CHILDREN’S OPINIONS SUPPORT www.opiniaktual.blogspot.com/

Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

CLINIC FOR CHILDREN
WE SMILE WITH YOU, WORKING TOGETHER SUPPORT ALL OF CHILDREN
Organized by Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : wido25@hotmail.com, cfc2006@hotmail.com
www.clinicforchildren.blogspot.com/

DAFTAR PUSTAKA PEROKOK PASIF PADA ANAK

2008-12-01T16:41:00.000-08:00

REFERENCE SECONDHAND SMOKE CHILDREN

PROVIDED BY :

"SAVE CHILD FROM SMOKE"
Office : Jl Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Bendungan Hilir
Jakarta Pusat Indonesia 10210
phone : (021) 5703646 – 70081995
email : judarwanto@gmail.com
http://savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2008. Atlanta, GA. 2008.
American Lung Association. Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet. Available at: www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=35422. Accessed October 2, 2008.
Betts KS. Secondhand Suspicions: Breast Cancer and Passive Smoking. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 March; 115: A136–A143.
Borland R, Yong H-H, Siahpush M, et al. Support for and reported compliance with smoke-free restaurants and bars by smokers in four countries: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tobacco Control. 2006;15(suppl_3):34-41.
California Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke. June 2005. Available at: www.oehha.ca.gov/air/environmental_tobacco/pdf/app3partb2005.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2008.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Current Intelligence Bulletin 54: Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace -- Lung Cancer and Other Health Effects. 1991. (Publication No. 91-108) Available at: www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001001-d001100/d001030/d001030.html. Accessed October 3, 2008.
Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency; 1992. (Report # EPA/600/6-90/006F) Available at: http://cfpub2.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=2835. Accessed October 3, 2008.
Mennella JA, Yourshaw LM, Morgan LK. Breastfeeding and smoking: short-term effects on infant feeding and sleep. Pediatrics. 2007;120:497-502.
Patten CA, Gilpin E, Cavin SW, et al. Workplace smoking policy and changes in smoking behaviour in California: A suggested association. Tobacco Control. 1995;4:36-41.
Pirkle JL, Flegal KM, Bernert JT, et al. Exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1991. JAMA. 1996;275:1233-1240.
Schuster MA, Franke T, Pham CB. Smoking patterns of household members and visitors in homes with children in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:1094-1100.
Steenland K. Passive smoking and the risk of heart disease, JAMA. 1992;267:94-99.
US Department of Health and Human Services. 11th Report on Carcinogens. Public Health Service -- National Toxicology Program. 2005. Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntpweb/index.cfm?objectid=035E5806-F735-FE81-FF769DFE5509AF0A. Accessed October 3, 2008.
US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services; 2006. Available at: www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/. Accessed October 3, 2008.
California Environmental Protection Agency. Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Executive Summary. June 2005.
The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: 6 Major Conclusions of the Surgeon General Report. A Report of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006; Available here. Accessed on 7/7/06.
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Shopland, D. Smoke-Free Workplace Coverage. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001; 43(8): 680-686.
Halpern, M.T.; Shikiar, R.; Rentz, A.M.; Khan, Z.M. Impact of Smoking Status on Workplace Absenteeism and Productivity. Tobacco Control 2001; 10: 233-238.
American Lung Association. State Legislated Actions on Tobacco Issues (SLATI). May 8, 2008. Available at http://slati.lungusa.org/StateLegislateAction.asp. Accessed on June 10, 2008.
California Environmental Protection Agency. Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Executive Summary. June 2005.
Schuster, MA, Franke T, Pham CB. Smoking Patterns of Household Members and Visitors in Homes with Children in United States. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine. Vol. 156, 2002: 1094-1100.
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Diethelm PA, Rielle JC, McKee M. The Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth? The Research Philip Morris Did Not Want You to See. Lancet. Vol. 364 No. 9446, 2004.
The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: 6 Major Conclusions of the Surgeon General Report. A Report of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006; Available here. Accessed on 7/7/06.
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LINKS ORGANISASI

2008-12-01T16:38:00.000-08:00

ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORT SAVE CHILD FROM SMOKE

American Heart Association Telephone: 1-800-242-8721 (1-800-AHA-USA-1) Web site: http://www.americanheart.org/
American Lung Association Telephone: 1-800-586-4872 (1-800-LUNG-USA) Web site: http://www.lungusa.org/
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Web site: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ipg.asp?sitename=Environmental%20Protection%20Agency&url=http://www.epa.gov
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Office on Smoking and Health 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) Web site: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ipg.asp?sitename=Centers%20for%20Disease%20Control%20and%20Prevention&url=http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/how2quit.htm
National Cancer Institute Telephone: 1-800-422-6237 (1-800-4-CANCER) Web site: http://www.cancer.gov/
Smokefree.gov (Info on state phone-based quitting programs) Telephone: 1-800-784-8669 (1-800-QUITNOW) Web site: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ipg.asp?sitename=Smokefree.gov&url=http://www.smokefree.gov

BAU ROKOK, BERBAHAYAKAH ?

2008-12-01T16:35:00.000-08:00

SMOKING ODORS,..IT'S PROBLEMS ?

There is no research in the medical literature about the cancer-causing effects of cigarette odors. Research does show that secondhand tobacco smoke can get into hair, clothing, and other surfaces. Though unknown, the cancer-causing effects would likely be very small compared to direct exposure to secondhand smoke, such as living in a house with a smoker.

TEMPAT PAPARAN ASAP ROKOK YANG SERING MENGGANGGU ANAK

2008-12-01T15:56:00.000-08:00

PLACE EXPOSURE SECONDHAND SMOKE TO CHILDREN

Widodo Judarwanto MD
"SAVE CHILD FROM SMOKE"
Office : Jl Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Bendungan Hilir
Jakarta Pusat Indonesia 10210
phone : (021) 5703646 – 70081995
email : savechildfromsmokers@yahoo.com
http://savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

There are 4 places where you should be especially concerned about exposure to secondhand smoke:

Home
Making your home smoke-free may be one of the most important things you can do for the health of your family. Any family member can develop health problems related to secondhand smoke.
Children are especially sensitive to secondhand smoke. Asthma, lung infections, and ear infections are more common in children who are around smokers. Some of these problems can be serious and even life-threatening. Others may seem like small problems, but they add up quickly: think of the expenses, doctor visits, medicines, lost school time, and often lost work time for the parent who must take the child to the doctor. In the United States, 21 million, or 35% of children live in homes where residents or visitors smoke in the home on a regular basis. About 50% to 75% of children in the United States have detectable levels of cotinine, the breakdown product of nicotine, in their blood.
Think about it: we spend more time at home than anywhere else. A smoke-free home protects your family, your guests, and even your pets.

Workplace
The workplace is a major source of secondhand smoke exposure for adults. Secondhand smoke meets the standard to be classified as a potential cancer-causing agent by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the federal agency responsible for health and safety regulations in the workplace. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), another federal agency, also recommends that secondhand smoke be considered a possible carcinogen in the workplace. Because there are no known safe levels, they recommend that exposures to secondhand smoke be reduced to the lowest possible levels.
Secondhand smoke in the workplace has been linked to an increased risk for heart disease and lung cancer among adult non-smokers. The Surgeon General has said that smoke-free workplace policies are the only way to do away with secondhand smoke exposure in the workplace. Separating smokers from non-smokers, cleaning the air, and ventilating the building cannot prevent exposure if people still smoke inside the building. An extra bonus besides protecting non-smokers is that workplace smoking restrictions may also encourage smokers to quit.

Public places
Everyone can be exposed to secondhand smoke in public places, such as restaurants, shopping centers, public transportation, schools, and daycare centers. Some businesses seem to be afraid to ban smoking, but there is no credible evidence that going smoke-free is bad for business. Public places where children go are a special area of concern.

The car
Cars are another place that you can be exposed to secondhand smoke. Americans spend a great deal of time in cars, and if someone smokes there, hazardous levels of smoke can build up quickly. Again, this can be especially harmful to children. In response to this fact, the US Environmental Protection Agency has a special program to encourage people to make their cars, as well as their homes, smoke-free.

HOME : SAVE CHILD FROM SMOKE, DON'T LET CHILDREN BREATHE YOUR SMOKE

2008-11-29T08:39:00.001-08:00

WE SMILE WITH YOU

Glittery texts by bigoo.ws

"SAVE CHILD FROM SMOKE" : MAKE A SMOKE-FEEE HOMES AND SMOKE-REE ZONES, DON'T SMOKE AROUND CHILDREN AND PREGNANT MOTHER'S

Secondhand smoke, also know as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. It is involuntarily inhaled by nonsmokers, lingers in the air hours after cigarettes have been extinguished and can cause or exacerbate a wide range of adverse health effects in children, including SIDS (Sudden Death Infant Syndrome), cancer, respiratory infections, ear infection and asthma.

Children’s exposure to secondhand smoke in Indonesia may be 43 Million.Around one-third of smokers - million people continue to smoke near children.Smoking by parents is the principal determinant of children’s exposure to secondhand smoke.

Many children under the age of five are admitted to hospital every year with illnesses resulting possible from passive smoking.

A poll for SmokeFree found that only 3% of parents knew that cot death could result from passive smoking and only 1% identified glue ear as an outcome. Children have the right to be protected from passive smoking.Parents must recognise that passive smoking causes ill-health in children and that they have a responsibility not to inflict harm on their children.

As knowledge of the impact of passive smoking increases, so demand for smoke-free environments rises. When smoke-free public places are the norm, there is a greater public acceptance of the need to restrict smoking in the home.
Governments have a duty to inform the public of the hazards of breathing in other people’s tobacco smoke and adults should act on that advice to protect the health of children. Smoking bans in workplaces do not cause displacement smoking in the home.

Secondhand smoke can cause harm in many ways.
an estimated 35,000 deaths from heart disease in non-smokers who live with smokers
about 3,000 lung cancer deaths in non-smoking adults
other breathing problems in non-smokers, including coughing, mucus, chest discomfort, and reduced lung function
150,000 to 300,000 lung infections (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) in children younger than 18 months of age, which result in 7,500 to 15,000 hospitalizations annually
increases in the number and severity of asthma attacks in about 200,000 to 1 million children who have asthma
more than 750,000 middle ear infections in children
Pregnant women exposed to secondhand smoke are also at increased risk of having low birth weight babies.
Secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and in adults who do not smoke.
Children exposed to secondhand smoke are at an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), acute respiratory infections, ear problems, and more severe asthma. Smoking by parents causes breathing (respiratory) symptoms and slows lung growth in their children.
Secondhand smoke immediately affects the heart and blood circulation in a harmful way. Over a longer time it also causes heart disease and lung cancer.
The scientific evidence shows that there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke.
Many millions of Americans, both children and adults, are still exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes and workplaces despite a great deal of progress in tobacco control.
The only way to fully protect non-smokers from exposure to secondhand smoke indoors is to prevent all smoking in that indoor space or building. Separating smokers from non-smokers, cleaning the air, and ventilating buildings cannot keep non-smokers from being exposed to secondhand smoke.

dr Widodo Judarwanto, chief de mission
"SAVE OUR CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE"
support by : YUDHASMARA FOUNDATION

Office : Jl Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Jakarta Indonesia 10210
phone : 62 (021) 5703646 – 70081995
email : judarwanto@gmail.com
http://savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com

POINT OF INTEREST :

SAVE SECONDHAND SMOKE FOR CHILDREN
PROTECT CHILDREN : DON"T MAKE THEM BREATHE YOUR SMOKE
Make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
SAVE SMOKE FOR YOUR CHILDREN IN PREGNANT

PEROKOK PASIF HAMPIR SAMA BERESIKO SEPERTI PEROKOK

2008-10-19T08:01:00.000-07:00

TUBUH ANAK INDONESIA MASA DEPAN BILA PENGARUH PEROKOK PASIF DIABAIKAN

BAHAYA PEROKOK PASIF BAGI ANAK

dr Widodo Judarwanto SpA

SAVE CHILD FROM SMOKE

Jl Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Bendungan Hilir Jakarta Pusattelp/FAX : (021) 5703646 – 70081995email : savechildfromsmokers@yahoo.com , http://savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

Penelitian yang terbaru juga menunjukan adanya bahaya dari second hand smoke yaitu asap rokok yang terhirup oleh orang-orang yang bukan perokok karena berada disekitar perokok juga bisa disebut perokok pasif.

Banyak penelitian yang membuktikan perokok dan perokok pasif cenderung sama dalam meningkatkan resiko timbulnya berbagai penyakit, seperti penyakit jantung dan penyakit ganggguan pembuluh darah, kanker paru-paru, kanker rongga mulut, kanker laring, kanker osefagus, bronkitis, tekanan darah tinggi, impotensi, serta gangguan kehamilan dan cacat pada janin.

Perokok pasif juga beresiko tinggi mengalami komplikasi atau sukarnya penyembuhan luka setelah pembedaan termasuk bedah plastik dan rekontruksi, operasi plastik pembentukan payudara dan operasi yang menyangkut anggota tubuh, bagian bawah.

Anak-anak dengan perokok pasif juga beresiko tinggi mengalami SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome), infeksi saluran napas, memperburuk asma, infeksi telinga, dan resiko seperti di atas 10 kali lipat lebih mudah terjadi dibandingkan pada anak yang bukan secondhand smoke

Rokok tidak dapat dipisahkan dari bahan baku pembuatannya yaitu tembakau. Di Indonesia tembakau di tambah cengkeh dan bahan-bahan lain dicampur untuk dibuat bahan rokok kretek. Selain kretek tembakau juga dapat digunakan sebagai rokok linting, rokok putih, cerutu, rokok pipa dan tembakau tanpa asap (tembakau kunyah).Kandungan dalam asap sebatang rokok yang dihisap? tidak kurang dari 4000 zat kimia beracun. Zat kimia yang dikeluarkan ini terdiri dari komponen gas (85 persen) dan partikel. Nikotin, gas karbonmonoksida, nitrogen oksida, hidrogen sianida, amoniak, akrolein, asetilen, benzaldehid, urethan, benzen, methanol, kumarin, 4 etilkatekol, ortokresol dan perylene adalah sebagaian dari beribu-ribu zat didalam rokok. Komponen gas asap rokok adalah karbonmonoksida, amoniak, asam hidrosianat, nitrogen oksida dan formaldehid. Partikelnya berupa tar, indol, nikotin, karbarzol, dan kresol. Zat-zat ini beracun, mengiritasi dan menimbulkan kanker (karsinogen).

HIMBAUAN DAN REKOMENDASI UNTUK PEROKOK DAN ORANG TUA

2008-10-19T05:21:00.000-07:00